[mlir][memref] Add runtime verification for memref::CastOp

[springerm]

Summary

Verify unranked -> ranked casts and casts of dynamic sizes/offset/strides to static ones.

Depends On D138647

[springerm]

update

[springerm]

update

[springerm]

rebase

[springerm]

minor update

[springerm]

rebase

[springerm]

minor update

[guraypp]

Looks good to me. But can we add more tests. For example, the case below, here c2 should be verified by your code but c3 should fail, right?

func.func @c1(%m: memref<?x?xf32>) -> memref<*xf32> {
  %0 = memref.cast %m : memref<?x?xf32> to memref<*xf32>
  return %0 : memref<*xf32>
}
func.func @c2(%m: memref<*xf32>) -> memref<?x?xf32> {
  %0 = memref.cast %m : memref<*xf32> to memref<?x?xf32>
  return %0 : memref<?x?xf32>
}
func.func @c3(%m: memref<*xf32>) -> memref<?xf32> {
  %0 = memref.cast %m : memref<*xf32> to memref<?xf32>
  return %0 : memref<?xf32>
}
func.func @main() {
  %a = memref.alloc() : memref<5x5xf32>
  %c = memref.cast %a : memref<5x5xf32> to memref<?x?xf32>
  %res = func.call @c1(%c) : (memref<?x?xf32>) -> memref<*xf32> 
  func.call @c2(%res) : (memref<*xf32>) -> (memref<?x?xf32>)
  func.call @c3(%res) : (memref<*xf32>) -> (memref<?xf32>)
  return
}

Also, runtime error text does not tell me which code/location fails. It prints the following text for example. I am not sure you can print the location correctly, but can we at least print the problematic IR?
memref::CastOp: rank mismatch

[springerm]

address comments

[guraypp]

Error messages are now very clear, thanks!