[flang] Propagate lowering options from driver.

[vzakhari]

Summary

This commit addresses concerns raised in D129497.

Propagate lowering options from driver to expressions lowering
via AbstractConverter instance. A single use case so far is
using optimized TRANSPOSE lowering with O1/O2/O3.

bbc does not support optimization level switches, so it uses
default LoweringOptions (e.g. optimized TRANSPOSE lowering
is enabled by default, but an engineering -opt-transpose=false
option can still override this).

[clementval]

flang/include/flang/Lower/Bridge.h

17

Wouldn't it make more sense to have the lowering options defined in flang/Lower and the frontend makes use of it instead of the Bridge depending on the frontend?

[tschuett]

clang has a leaf library Basic. Both options sound strange. Shouldn't the driver invoke the compiler and thus depend on the compiler?

[awarzynski]

Great to see this, thank you!

I also simplified transpose_opt.f90 checks to focus on important things.

Thanks! Please move that to a separate PR.

flang/include/flang/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.h

73

[nit] loweringOpts for consistency with other members. But based on my other comments, you might be removing this.

flang/include/flang/Lower/Bridge.h

17

That would be my suggestion as well.

@vzakhari, I'm guessing that you've simply followed what we did for other sets of driver options, e.g. CodeGen. Note that none of those are re-used by other parts of the frontend. In contrast, "LoweringOptions.h" contains options that are low level details of the lowering API, i.e. optimizeTranspose is a lowering option that currently is not available in the driver (instead, the driver operates in terms of -O{n}). Does it make sense?

In the case of e.g. semantics we took a different approach, i.e. the driver configures the frontend via setSemanticsOpts. More specifically:

• relevant options are defined in the semantics API,
• the driver configures the semantics through the semantics API.

Sounds like that would more suitable here as well.

flang/lib/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.cpp

614

I don't see anything that could fail here, so I would just make this hook return void (like parseTargetArgs).

660–662

That's not the approach that you want to take here, but close :)

Basically, CompilerInvocation::createFromArgs collects command line arguments, parses them and configures the current CompilerInvocation accordingly. In this case, the compiler invocation flag that's relevant here is e.g. -O1 and that's captured in parseCodeGenArgs. This method doesn't parse any new command line arguments.

Instead, I would add something like CompilerInvocation::setSemanticsOpts and call it in e.g. ExecuteAction. CompilerInstance encapsulates the state of the current "compiler instance" (i.e. libraries that implement Flang, including lowering). And setLoweringOptions configures the lowering API, which the driver views as an element of a CompilerInstance.

flang/lib/Lower/ConvertExpr.cpp

100

Unrelated change

[awarzynski]

In D130204#3668161, @tschuett wrote:

clang has a leaf library Basic. Both options sound strange. Shouldn't the driver invoke the compiler and thus depend on the compiler?

I agree that we are getting to a point where something similar would be desirable. We just need a volunteer to design and to implement it ;-)

[vzakhari]

flang/include/flang/Lower/Bridge.h

17

Makes sense!

17

I was making this change anticipating that some arguments parsing will be required soon. E.g. either transpose specific option or some more general option like "optimized-lowering" may override the opt-level setting, if present: if no option present optimized transpose will be enabled only with >O0, and otherwise the option will control the optimized lowering. But I also tried to keep the change minimal just to address the follow-ups mentioned in D129497.

With this context, does it make sense to keep it as is?

57

FWIW, I think I may avoid having LoweringOptions stored in the lowering bridge instance (though, it seems natural to me) and pass them to lower method as an argument so that the options are propagated to the instance of FirConverter.

flang/lib/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.cpp

614

Fixed.

flang/lib/Lower/ConvertExpr.cpp

100

Fixed.

[clementval]

flang/include/flang/Lower/LoweringOptions.h

19

35

flang/lib/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.cpp

609

flang/lib/Lower/Bridge.cpp

3222

flang/tools/bbc/bbc.cpp

219

[vzakhari]

flang/include/flang/Lower/LoweringOptions.h

19

Missed that. Thanks! Will fix it here and other places.

[vzakhari]

flang/include/flang/Lower/Bridge.h

17

Hi @awarzynski, does it make sense to keep the changes as-is given that we may need to add parsing for lowering controlling options in future?

[awarzynski]

This mostly looks good, but I would still prefer the invocation to setLoweringOptions be moved from CompilerInvocation to CompilerInstance (see my comment in CompilerInvocation.cpp). It just feels like a more suitable place. WDYT?

flang/include/flang/Lower/Bridge.h

17

Future-proofing like this makes sense to me. And even if we discover that this is not the best place for these options, we can always move them at some later time.

[vzakhari]

In D130204#3698891, @awarzynski wrote:

This mostly looks good, but I would still prefer the invocation to setLoweringOptions be moved from CompilerInvocation to CompilerInstance (see my comment in CompilerInvocation.cpp). It just feels like a more suitable place. WDYT?

Okay, it makes sense at this stage. I will upload updated files shortly. Thank you for the review!

[vzakhari]

clang-format

[awarzynski]

LGTM, many thanks for implementing this :)

flang/include/flang/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.h

 
 #ifndef FORTRAN_FRONTEND_COMPILERINVOCATION_H
 #define FORTRAN_FRONTEND_COMPILERINVOCATION_H
 
 #include "flang/Frontend/CodeGenOptions.h"
 #include "flang/Frontend/FrontendOptions.h"
 #include "flang/Frontend/PreprocessorOptions.h"
 #include "flang/Frontend/TargetOptions.h"
+#include "flang/Lower/LoweringOptions.h"
 #include "flang/Parser/parsing.h"
 #include "flang/Semantics/semantics.h"
 #include "clang/Basic/Diagnostic.h"
 #include "clang/Basic/DiagnosticOptions.h"
 #include "llvm/Option/ArgList.h"
 #include <memory>
 
 namespace Fortran::frontend {
class CompilerInvocation : public CompilerInvocationBase {
   // options.
   FrontendOptions frontendOpts;
 
   /// Options for Flang parser
   // TODO: Merge with or translate to frontendOpts. We shouldn't need two sets
   // of options.
   Fortran::parser::Options parserOpts;
 
+  /// Options controlling lowering.
+  Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions loweringOpts;
+
   /// Options controlling the target.
   Fortran::frontend::TargetOptions targetOpts;
 
   /// Options controlling IRgen and the backend.
   Fortran::frontend::CodeGenOptions codeGenOpts;
 
   // Semantics context
   std::unique_ptr<Fortran::semantics::SemanticsContext> semanticsContext;
public:
   const Fortran::parser::Options &getFortranOpts() const { return parserOpts; }
 
   TargetOptions &getTargetOpts() { return targetOpts; }
   const TargetOptions &getTargetOpts() const { return targetOpts; }
 
   CodeGenOptions &getCodeGenOpts() { return codeGenOpts; }
   const CodeGenOptions &getCodeGenOpts() const { return codeGenOpts; }
 
+  Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &getLoweringOpts() { return loweringOpts; }
+  const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &getLoweringOpts() const {
+    return loweringOpts;
+  }
+
   Fortran::semantics::SemanticsContext &getSemanticsContext() {
     return *semanticsContext;
   }
   const Fortran::semantics::SemanticsContext &getSemanticsContext() const {
     return *semanticsContext;
   }
 
   std::string &getModuleDir() { return moduleDir; }
public:
   void collectMacroDefinitions();
 
   /// Set the Fortran options to user-specified values.
   /// These values are found in the preprocessor options.
   void setFortranOpts();
 
   /// Set the Semantic Options
   void setSemanticsOpts(Fortran::parser::AllCookedSources &);
+
+  /// Set \p loweringOptions controlling lowering behavior based
+  /// on the \p optimizationLevel.
+  void setLoweringOptions();
 };
 
 } // end namespace Fortran::frontend
 #endif // FORTRAN_FRONTEND_COMPILERINVOCATION_H

flang/include/flang/Lower/AbstractConverter.h

 //===-- Lower/AbstractConverter.h -------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
 //
 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // Coding style: https://mlir.llvm.org/getting_started/DeveloperGuide/
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #ifndef FORTRAN_LOWER_ABSTRACTCONVERTER_H
 #define FORTRAN_LOWER_ABSTRACTCONVERTER_H
 
 #include "flang/Common/Fortran.h"
+#include "flang/Lower/LoweringOptions.h"
 #include "flang/Lower/PFTDefs.h"
 #include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/BoxValue.h"
 #include "flang/Semantics/symbol.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinOps.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
 
 namespace fir {
 class KindMapping;
public:
   virtual mlir::ModuleOp &getModuleOp() = 0;
   /// Get the MLIRContext
   virtual mlir::MLIRContext &getMLIRContext() = 0;
   /// Unique a symbol
   virtual std::string mangleName(const Fortran::semantics::Symbol &) = 0;
   /// Get the KindMap.
   virtual const fir::KindMapping &getKindMap() = 0;
 
+  AbstractConverter(const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &loweringOptions)
+      : loweringOptions(loweringOptions) {}
   virtual ~AbstractConverter() = default;
+
+  //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+  // Miscellaneous
+  //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+  /// Return options controlling lowering behavior.
+  const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &getLoweringOptions() const {
+    return loweringOptions;
+  }
+
+private:
+  /// Options controlling lowering behavior.
+  const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &loweringOptions;
 };
 
 } // namespace lower
 } // namespace Fortran
 
 #endif // FORTRAN_LOWER_ABSTRACTCONVERTER_H

flang/include/flang/Lower/Bridge.h

 //===-- Lower/Bridge.h -- main interface to lowering ------------*- C++ -*-===//
 //
 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // Coding style: https://mlir.llvm.org/getting_started/DeveloperGuide/
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #ifndef FORTRAN_LOWER_BRIDGE_H
 #define FORTRAN_LOWER_BRIDGE_H
 
 #include "flang/Common/Fortran.h"
 #include "flang/Lower/AbstractConverter.h"
+#include "flang/Lower/LoweringOptions.h"
 #include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/FIRBuilder.h"
 #include "flang/Optimizer/Support/KindMapping.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinOps.h"
 
 namespace Fortran {
 namespace common {
 class IntrinsicTypeDefaultKinds;
 } // namespace common

 public:
   /// Create a lowering bridge instance.
   static LoweringBridge
   create(mlir::MLIRContext &ctx,
          const Fortran::common::IntrinsicTypeDefaultKinds &defaultKinds,
          const Fortran::evaluate::IntrinsicProcTable &intrinsics,
          const Fortran::evaluate::TargetCharacteristics &targetCharacteristics,
          const Fortran::parser::AllCookedSources &allCooked,
-         llvm::StringRef triple, fir::KindMapping &kindMap) {
+         llvm::StringRef triple, fir::KindMapping &kindMap,
+         const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &loweringOptions) {
     return LoweringBridge(ctx, defaultKinds, intrinsics, targetCharacteristics,
-                          allCooked, triple, kindMap);
+                          allCooked, triple, kindMap, loweringOptions);
   }
 
   //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
   // Getters
   //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
   mlir::MLIRContext &getMLIRContext() { return context; }
 
public:
   }
   const Fortran::parser::AllCookedSources *getCookedSource() const {
     return cooked;
   }
 
   /// Get the kind map.
   const fir::KindMapping &getKindMap() const { return kindMap; }
 
+  const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &getLoweringOptions() const {
+    return loweringOptions;
+  }
+
   /// Create a folding context. Careful: this is very expensive.
   Fortran::evaluate::FoldingContext createFoldingContext() const;
 
   bool validModule() { return getModule(); }
 
   //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
   // Perform the creation of an mlir::ModuleOp
   //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
   /// Read in an MLIR input file rather than lowering Fortran sources.
   /// This is intended to be used for testing.
   void parseSourceFile(llvm::SourceMgr &);
 
   /// Cross the bridge from the Fortran parse-tree, etc. to MLIR dialects
   void lower(const Fortran::parser::Program &program,
              const Fortran::semantics::SemanticsContext &semanticsContext);
 
 private:
   explicit LoweringBridge(
       mlir::MLIRContext &ctx,
       const Fortran::common::IntrinsicTypeDefaultKinds &defaultKinds,
       const Fortran::evaluate::IntrinsicProcTable &intrinsics,
       const Fortran::evaluate::TargetCharacteristics &targetCharacteristics,
       const Fortran::parser::AllCookedSources &cooked, llvm::StringRef triple,
-      fir::KindMapping &kindMap);
+      fir::KindMapping &kindMap,
+      const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &loweringOptions);
   LoweringBridge() = delete;
   LoweringBridge(const LoweringBridge &) = delete;
 
   const Fortran::common::IntrinsicTypeDefaultKinds &defaultKinds;
   const Fortran::evaluate::IntrinsicProcTable &intrinsics;
   const Fortran::evaluate::TargetCharacteristics &targetCharacteristics;
   const Fortran::parser::AllCookedSources *cooked;
   mlir::MLIRContext &context;
   std::unique_ptr<mlir::ModuleOp> module;
   fir::KindMapping &kindMap;
+  const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &loweringOptions;
 };
 
 } // namespace lower
 } // namespace Fortran
 
 #endif // FORTRAN_LOWER_BRIDGE_H

flang/include/flang/Lower/LoweringOptions.h

+//===- LoweringOptions.h ----------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+///
+/// \file
+/// Options controlling lowering of front-end fragments to the FIR dialect
+/// of MLIR
+///
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef FLANG_LOWER_LOWERINGOPTIONS_H
+#define FLANG_LOWER_LOWERINGOPTIONS_H
+
+namespace Fortran::lower {
+
+class LoweringOptions {
+  /// If true, lower transpose without a runtime call.
+  unsigned optimizeTranspose : 1;
+
+public:
+  LoweringOptions() : optimizeTranspose(true) {}
+
+  bool getOptimizeTranspose() const { return optimizeTranspose; }
+  LoweringOptions &setOptimizeTranspose(bool v) {
+    optimizeTranspose = v;
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace Fortran::lower
+
+#endif // FLANG_LOWER_LOWERINGOPTIONS_H

flang/lib/Frontend/CompilerInstance.cpp

bool CompilerInstance::executeAction(FrontendAction &act) {
   // Set some sane defaults for the frontend.
   invoc.setDefaultFortranOpts();
   // Update the fortran options based on user-based input.
   invoc.setFortranOpts();
   // Set the encoding to read all input files in based on user input.
   allSources->set_encoding(invoc.getFortranOpts().encoding);
   // Create the semantics context and set semantic options.
   invoc.setSemanticsOpts(*this->allCookedSources);
+  // Set options controlling lowering to FIR.
+  invoc.setLoweringOptions();
 
   // Run the frontend action `act` for every input file.
   for (const FrontendInputFile &fif : getFrontendOpts().inputs) {
     if (act.beginSourceFile(*this, fif)) {
       if (llvm::Error err = act.execute()) {
         consumeError(std::move(err));
       }
       act.endSourceFile();

flang/lib/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.cpp

if (args.hasArg(clang::driver::options::OPT_std_EQ)) {
     }
   }
   return diags.getNumErrors() == numErrorsBefore;
 }
 
 bool CompilerInvocation::createFromArgs(
     CompilerInvocation &res, llvm::ArrayRef<const char *> commandLineArgs,
     clang::DiagnosticsEngine &diags) {
 
   bool success = true;
 
   // Set the default triple for this CompilerInvocation. This might be
   // overridden by users with `-triple` (see the call to `ParseTargetArgs`
   // below).
   // NOTE: Like in Clang, it would be nice to use option marshalling
   // for this so that the entire logic for setting-up the triple is in one
   // place.
   res.getTargetOpts().triple =
       llvm::Triple::normalize(llvm::sys::getDefaultTargetTriple());
 
   // Parse the arguments
   const llvm::opt::OptTable &opts = clang::driver::getDriverOptTable();
bool CompilerInvocation::createFromArgs(
   success &= parseDialectArgs(res, args, diags);
   success &= parseDiagArgs(res, args, diags);
   res.frontendOpts.llvmArgs =
       args.getAllArgValues(clang::driver::options::OPT_mllvm);
 
   res.frontendOpts.mlirArgs =
       args.getAllArgValues(clang::driver::options::OPT_mmlir);
 
   return success;
 }
 
 void CompilerInvocation::collectMacroDefinitions() {
   auto &ppOpts = this->getPreprocessorOpts();
 
   for (unsigned i = 0, n = ppOpts.macros.size(); i != n; ++i) {
     llvm::StringRef macro = ppOpts.macros[i].first;
     bool isUndef = ppOpts.macros[i].second;
 
     std::pair<llvm::StringRef, llvm::StringRef> macroPair = macro.split('=');
void CompilerInvocation::setSemanticsOpts(
 
   semanticsContext->set_moduleDirectory(getModuleDir())
       .set_searchDirectories(fortranOptions.searchDirectories)
       .set_intrinsicModuleDirectories(fortranOptions.intrinsicModuleDirectories)
       .set_warnOnNonstandardUsage(getEnableConformanceChecks())
       .set_warningsAreErrors(getWarnAsErr())
       .set_moduleFileSuffix(getModuleFileSuffix());
 }
+
+/// Set \p loweringOptions controlling lowering behavior based
+/// on the \p optimizationLevel.
+void CompilerInvocation::setLoweringOptions() {
+  const auto &codegenOpts = getCodeGenOpts();
+
+  // Lower TRANSPOSE as a runtime call under -O0.
+  loweringOpts.setOptimizeTranspose(codegenOpts.OptimizationLevel > 0);
+}
+

flang/lib/Frontend/FrontendActions.cpp

bool CodeGenAction::beginSourceFileAction() {
   const common::IntrinsicTypeDefaultKinds &defKinds =
       ci.getInvocation().getSemanticsContext().defaultKinds();
   fir::KindMapping kindMap(mlirCtx.get(),
       llvm::ArrayRef<fir::KindTy>{fir::fromDefaultKinds(defKinds)});
   lower::LoweringBridge lb = Fortran::lower::LoweringBridge::create(
       *mlirCtx, defKinds, ci.getInvocation().getSemanticsContext().intrinsics(),
       ci.getInvocation().getSemanticsContext().targetCharacteristics(),
       ci.getParsing().allCooked(), ci.getInvocation().getTargetOpts().triple,
-      kindMap);
+      kindMap, ci.getInvocation().getLoweringOpts());
 
   // Create a parse tree and lower it to FIR
   Fortran::parser::Program &parseTree{*ci.getParsing().parseTree()};
   lb.lower(parseTree, ci.getInvocation().getSemanticsContext());
   mlirModule = std::make_unique<mlir::ModuleOp>(lb.getModule());
 
   // run the default passes.
   mlir::PassManager pm(mlirCtx.get(), mlir::OpPassManager::Nesting::Implicit);

flang/lib/Lower/Bridge.cpp

 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 namespace {
 
 /// Traverse the pre-FIR tree (PFT) to generate the FIR dialect of MLIR.
 class FirConverter : public Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter {
 public:
   explicit FirConverter(Fortran::lower::LoweringBridge &bridge)
-      : bridge{bridge}, foldingContext{bridge.createFoldingContext()} {}
+      : Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter(bridge.getLoweringOptions()),
+        bridge{bridge}, foldingContext{bridge.createFoldingContext()} {}
   virtual ~FirConverter() = default;
 
   /// Convert the PFT to FIR.
   void run(Fortran::lower::pft::Program &pft) {
     // Preliminary translation pass.
 
     // - Lower common blocks from the PFT common block list that contains a
     // consolidated list of the common blocks (with the initialization if any in

 }
 
 Fortran::lower::LoweringBridge::LoweringBridge(
     mlir::MLIRContext &context,
     const Fortran::common::IntrinsicTypeDefaultKinds &defaultKinds,
     const Fortran::evaluate::IntrinsicProcTable &intrinsics,
     const Fortran::evaluate::TargetCharacteristics &targetCharacteristics,
     const Fortran::parser::AllCookedSources &cooked, llvm::StringRef triple,
-    fir::KindMapping &kindMap)
+    fir::KindMapping &kindMap,
+    const Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions &loweringOptions)
     : defaultKinds{defaultKinds}, intrinsics{intrinsics},
       targetCharacteristics{targetCharacteristics}, cooked{&cooked},
-      context{context}, kindMap{kindMap} {
+      context{context}, kindMap{kindMap}, loweringOptions{loweringOptions} {
   // Register the diagnostic handler.
   context.getDiagEngine().registerHandler([](mlir::Diagnostic &diag) {
     llvm::raw_ostream &os = llvm::errs();
     switch (diag.getSeverity()) {
     case mlir::DiagnosticSeverity::Error:
       os << "error: ";
       break;
     case mlir::DiagnosticSeverity::Remark:

flang/lib/Lower/ConvertExpr.cpp

 
 // Lower TRANSPOSE as an "elemental" function that swaps the array
 // expression's iteration space, so that no runtime call is needed.
 // This lowering may help get rid of unnecessary creation of temporary
 // arrays. Note that the runtime TRANSPOSE implementation may be different
 // from the "inline" FIR, e.g. it may diagnose out-of-memory conditions
 // during the temporary allocation whereas the inline implementation
 // relies on AllocMemOp that will silently return null in case
-// there is not enough memory. So it may be a good idea to set
-// this option to false for -O0.
+// there is not enough memory.
+//
+// If it is set to false, then TRANSPOSE will be lowered using
+// a runtime call. If it is set to true, then the lowering is controlled
+// by LoweringOptions::optimizeTranspose bit (see isTransposeOptEnabled
+// function in this file).
 static llvm::cl::opt<bool> optimizeTranspose(
     "opt-transpose",
     llvm::cl::desc("lower transpose without using a runtime call"),
     llvm::cl::init(true));
 
 /// The various semantics of a program constituent (or a part thereof) as it may
 /// appear in an expression.
 ///
 /// Given the following Fortran declarations.
 /// ```fortran
 ///   REAL :: v1, v2, v3
 ///   REAL, POINTER :: vp1
isIntrinsicModuleProcRef(const Fortran::evaluate::ProcedureRef &procRef) {
   if (!symbol)
     return false;
   const Fortran::semantics::Symbol *module =
       symbol->GetUltimate().owner().GetSymbol();
   return module && module->attrs().test(Fortran::semantics::Attr::INTRINSIC) &&
          module->name().ToString().find("omp_lib") == std::string::npos;
 }
 
+// Return true if TRANSPOSE should be lowered without a runtime call.
+static bool
+isTransposeOptEnabled(const Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter &converter) {
+  return optimizeTranspose &&
+         converter.getLoweringOptions().getOptimizeTranspose();
+}
+
 // A set of visitors to detect if the given expression
 // is a TRANSPOSE call that should be lowered without using
 // runtime TRANSPOSE implementation.
 template <typename T>
-static bool isOptimizableTranspose(const T &) {
+static bool isOptimizableTranspose(const T &,
+                                   const Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter &) {
   return false;
 }
 
 static bool
-isOptimizableTranspose(const Fortran::evaluate::ProcedureRef &procRef) {
+isOptimizableTranspose(const Fortran::evaluate::ProcedureRef &procRef,
+                       const Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter &converter) {
   const Fortran::evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *intrin =
       procRef.proc().GetSpecificIntrinsic();
-  return optimizeTranspose && intrin && intrin->name == "transpose";
+  return isTransposeOptEnabled(converter) && intrin &&
+         intrin->name == "transpose";
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 static bool
-isOptimizableTranspose(const Fortran::evaluate::FunctionRef<T> &funcRef) {
+isOptimizableTranspose(const Fortran::evaluate::FunctionRef<T> &funcRef,
+                       const Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter &converter) {
   return isOptimizableTranspose(
-      static_cast<const Fortran::evaluate::ProcedureRef &>(funcRef));
+      static_cast<const Fortran::evaluate::ProcedureRef &>(funcRef), converter);
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-static bool isOptimizableTranspose(Fortran::evaluate::Expr<T> expr) {
+static bool
+isOptimizableTranspose(Fortran::evaluate::Expr<T> expr,
+                       const Fortran::lower::AbstractConverter &converter) {
   // If optimizeTranspose is not enabled, return false right away.
-  if (!optimizeTranspose)
+  if (!isTransposeOptEnabled(converter))
     return false;
 
-  return std::visit([&](const auto &e) { return isOptimizableTranspose(e); },
-                    expr.u);
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](const auto &e) { return isOptimizableTranspose(e, converter); },
 }
 
 namespace {
 
 /// Lowering of Fortran::evaluate::Expr<T> expressions
 class ScalarExprLowering {
 public:
   using ExtValue = fir::ExtendedValue;

 
   template <typename A>
   ExtValue gen(const Fortran::evaluate::Expr<A> &x) {
     // Whole array symbols or components, and results of transformational
     // functions already have a storage and the scalar expression lowering path
     // is used to not create a new temporary storage.
     if (isScalar(x) ||
         Fortran::evaluate::UnwrapWholeSymbolOrComponentDataRef(x) ||
-        (isTransformationalRef(x) && !isOptimizableTranspose(x)))
+        (isTransformationalRef(x) && !isOptimizableTranspose(x, converter)))
       return std::visit([&](const auto &e) { return genref(e); }, x.u);
     if (useBoxArg)
       return asArrayArg(x);
     return asArray(x);
   }
   template <typename A>
   ExtValue genval(const Fortran::evaluate::Expr<A> &x) {
     if (isScalar(x) || Fortran::evaluate::UnwrapWholeSymbolDataRef(x) ||

   }
 
   /// Generate a procedure reference. This code is shared for both functions and
   /// subroutines, the difference being reflected by `retTy`.
   CC genProcRef(const Fortran::evaluate::ProcedureRef &procRef,
                 llvm::Optional<mlir::Type> retTy) {
     mlir::Location loc = getLoc();
 
-    if (isOptimizableTranspose(procRef))
+    if (isOptimizableTranspose(procRef, converter))
       return genTransposeProcRef(procRef);
 
     if (procRef.IsElemental()) {
       if (const Fortran::evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *intrin =
               procRef.proc().GetSpecificIntrinsic()) {
         // All elemental intrinsic functions are pure and cannot modify their
         // arguments. The only elemental subroutine, MVBITS has an Intent(inout)
         // argument. So for this last one, loops must be in element order

flang/test/Lower/Intrinsics/transpose.f90

 ! RUN: bbc -emit-fir %s -opt-transpose=false -o - | FileCheck %s
+! RUN: %flang_fc1 -emit-fir -O0 %s -o - | FileCheck %s
 
 ! CHECK-LABEL: func @_QPtranspose_test(
 ! CHECK-SAME: %[[source:.*]]: !fir.ref<!fir.array<2x3xf32>>{{.*}}) {
 subroutine transpose_test(mat)
 ! CHECK:  %[[resultDescr:.*]] = fir.alloca !fir.box<!fir.heap<!fir.array<?x?xf32>>>
    real :: mat(2,3)
    call bar_transpose_test(transpose(mat))
 ! CHECK:  %[[sourceBox:.*]] = fir.embox %[[source]]({{.*}}) : (!fir.ref<!fir.array<2x3xf32>>, !fir.shape<2>) -> !fir.box<!fir.array<2x3xf32>>

flang/test/Lower/Intrinsics/transpose_opt.f90

 ! RUN: bbc -emit-fir %s -opt-transpose=true -o - | FileCheck %s
+! RUN: bbc -emit-fir %s -o - | FileCheck %s
+! RUN: %flang_fc1 -emit-fir -O1 %s -o - | FileCheck %s
+! RUN: %flang_fc1 -emit-fir -O2 %s -o - | FileCheck %s
+! RUN: %flang_fc1 -emit-fir -O3 %s -o - | FileCheck %s
 
 ! CHECK-LABEL: func.func @_QPtranspose_test(
 ! CHECK-SAME:                               %[[VAL_0:.*]]: !fir.ref<!fir.array<2x3xf32>> {fir.bindc_name = "mat"}) {
 subroutine transpose_test(mat)
    real :: mat(2,3)
    call bar_transpose_test(transpose(mat))
 ! CHECK:         %[[VAL_1:.*]] = arith.constant 2 : index
 ! CHECK:         %[[VAL_2:.*]] = arith.constant 3 : index

flang/tools/bbc/bbc.cpp

static mlir::LogicalResult convertFortranSourceToMLIR(
   // translate to FIR dialect of MLIR
   mlir::DialectRegistry registry;
   fir::support::registerNonCodegenDialects(registry);
   mlir::MLIRContext ctx(registry);
   fir::support::loadNonCodegenDialects(ctx);
   auto &defKinds = semanticsContext.defaultKinds();
   fir::KindMapping kindMap(
       &ctx, llvm::ArrayRef<fir::KindTy>{fir::fromDefaultKinds(defKinds)});
+  // Use default lowering options for bbc.
+  Fortran::lower::LoweringOptions loweringOptions{};
   auto burnside = Fortran::lower::LoweringBridge::create(
       ctx, defKinds, semanticsContext.intrinsics(),
       semanticsContext.targetCharacteristics(), parsing.allCooked(), "",
-      kindMap);
+      kindMap, loweringOptions);
   burnside.lower(parseTree, semanticsContext);
   mlir::ModuleOp mlirModule = burnside.getModule();
   std::error_code ec;
   std::string outputName = outputFilename;
   if (!outputName.size())
     outputName = llvm::sys::path::stem(inputFilename).str().append(".mlir");
   llvm::raw_fd_ostream out(outputName, ec);
   if (ec)