[clang-tidy] Add modernize-concat-nested-namespaces check

[wgml]

Summary

Finds instances of namespaces concatenated using explicit syntax, such as namespace a { namespace b { [...] }} and offers fix to glue it to namespace a::b { [...] }.

Properly handles inline and unnamed namespaces. Also, detects empty blocks in nested namespaces and offers to remove them.

Test with common use cases included.
I ran the check against entire llvm repository. Except for expected nested namespace definitions only available with -std=c++17 or -std=gnu++17 warnings I noticed no issues when the check was performed.

Example:

namespace a { namespace b {
void test();
}}

can become

namespace a::b {
void test();
}

[lebedev.ri]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

74–75

It should only get registered in C++17 or newer mode.

[lebedev.ri]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

43–46

Use proper casting, isa<>(), dyn_cast<>, so on.

80

Here and everywhere - the consts are on the wrong side.

103–109

1. This is unrelated to the main check, so it should be in a separate check.
2. This is really fragile i think. What about preprocessor-driven emptiness?

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h

30–33

This looks like a pessimization.
I think you should just store NamespaceDecl*.

[Eugene.Zelenko]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

38

Type is not spelled in declaration, so please don't use auto.

54

Type is not spelled in declaration, so please don't use auto.

56

Type is not spelled in declaration, so please don't use auto.

docs/ReleaseNotes.rst

96

Wrong indentation. See other entries.

docs/clang-tidy/checks/modernize-concat-nested-namespaces.rst

13

Please add empty line after.

35

Please add empty line after.

[wgml]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

103–109

1. It seems to me that if I produce fixit to concat empty namespace (that is, execute the else branch), the fix is not applied as I intended - the namespace gets deleted.

I do not fully understand this behavior and did not manage to find bug in the code. I also checked what will happen if I try replace the entire namespace with namespace {} and it is not getting inserted but simply deleted. On the other hand, I if replace with namespace {;}, I see the expected output. So, either it is really sneaky off-by-one somewhere, or clang does it's own thing.
Truth be told, I added that if branch to handle such behavior explicitly instead of silently deleting namespace.

2. Can you provide an example when it will matter?

[wgml]

Adjusted to review comments.

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

103–109

I dropped the "support" for removing. However, empty namespaces are still being removed implicitly, by a fixit applying tool, I believe.

I added entries to the test to make sure preprocessor stuff is never removed.

[wgml]

Fixed typo in documentation.
Refactored a bit of check code to make it more readable.

[wgml]

One last typo.

[alexfh]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

103–109

Removal of empty namespaces is intentional. Clang-tidy calls clang::format::cleanupAroundReplacements when applying fixes, which, in particular, removes empty namespaces. See code around clang/lib/Format/Format.cpp:1309. The motivation is that when different checks remove different parts of code inside a namespace and this results in an empty namespace, it's better to remove it. Other cleanups are, for example, removal of commas and the colon in constructor initializer lists.

[wgml]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

103–109

That is good to know! Everything looks good to me then.

[aaron.ballman]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

53

Can this be rewritten with llvm::for_each() and a Twine so that we don't have to use ostringstream (which is a big hammer for this).

74

Diagnostics should not start with a capital letter.

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h

30

Why 6?

docs/clang-tidy/checks/list.rst

14

This is an unrelated change -- feel free to make a separate commit that fixes this (no review needed).

[wgml]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

53

The main advantage of stringstream was that it is concise.

I don't think I can effectively use Twine to build a result in a loop. If I'm wrong, correct me, please.

I reworked concatNamespaces to use SmallString with another educated guess of 40 for capacity.

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h

30

Educated guess. I considered the codebases I usually work with and it seemed a sane value in that context.

docs/clang-tidy/checks/list.rst

14

Setup script did that I guess. I reverted the change.

[aaron.ballman]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

32

We usually only const-qualify local declarations when they're pointers/references, so you can drop the const here (and in several other places). It's not a hard and fast rule, but the clutter is not useful in such small functions.

51

I'm not keen on the trailing return type used here. It's reasonable, but clever in ways we don't use elsewhere.

53

The Twine idea I was thinking of is not too far off from what you have with SmallString, but perhaps is too clever:

return std::accumulate(Namespaces.begin(), Namespaces.end(), llvm::Twine(), [](llvm::Twine Ret, const NamespaceDecl *ND) {
  return Ret + "::" + ND->getName();
}).str();

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h

30

Okay, I can live with that. Thanks!

[wgml]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

32

From my perspective, const is a easy way of declaring that my intention is only to name given declaration only for reading and to improve code readability.

51

Ok. Wanted to avoid line break and the...

ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::NamespaceString
ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::concatNamespaces() {...}

but I'll adjust.

53

Yeah, I tried that, but Twine has it's operator= deleted.

[wgml]

Updated signature of concatNamespaces.

[aaron.ballman]

Aside from the local const qualification stuff and some minor wordsmithing of the documentation, this LGTM.

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

32

I wasn't making a value judgement about the coding style so much as pointing out that this is novel to the code base and we tend to avoid novel constructs unless there's a good reason to deviate. I don't see a strong justification here, so I'd prefer them to be removed for consistency.

53

Ugh, good catch! The current formulation is fine then, thank you!

docs/clang-tidy/checks/modernize-concat-nested-namespaces.rst

7

in a form of -> such as

8

offers change to syntax -> suggests changing to the more concise syntax

9

Inlined -> Inline

[wgml]

Dropped a few consts, updated doc text.

[wgml]

Thanks you all for your participation in the review process. I guess it is done now.
I don't have write access to the repositories, @aaron.ballman, could you apply the patch on my behalf?

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

32

Okay then, adjusted.

[JonasToth]

Commited for you.

[grandinj]

Hi

Thanks a lot for this checker - would it be possible to enhance it to also update stuff in associated header files?

Thanks

[wgml]

In D52136#1844384, @grandinj wrote:

Hi

Thanks a lot for this checker - would it be possible to enhance it to also update stuff in associated header files?

Thanks

Check out D61989,

[Abpostelnicu]

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

88

This breaks the usage of this checker in an unified build scenario since the main file for the translation unit will be the unified file.

clang-tidy/modernize/CMakeLists.txt

 set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS support)
 
 add_clang_library(clangTidyModernizeModule
   AvoidBindCheck.cpp
+  ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp
   DeprecatedHeadersCheck.cpp
   LoopConvertCheck.cpp
   LoopConvertUtils.cpp
   MakeSharedCheck.cpp
   MakeSmartPtrCheck.cpp
   MakeUniqueCheck.cpp
   ModernizeTidyModule.cpp
   PassByValueCheck.cpp

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h

+//===--- ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h - clang-tidy--------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_CLANG_TOOLS_EXTRA_CLANG_TIDY_MODERNIZE_CONCATNESTEDNAMESPACESCHECK_H
+#define LLVM_CLANG_TOOLS_EXTRA_CLANG_TIDY_MODERNIZE_CONCATNESTEDNAMESPACESCHECK_H
+
+#include "../ClangTidy.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace tidy {
+namespace modernize {
+
+class ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck : public ClangTidyCheck {
+public:
+  ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck(StringRef Name, ClangTidyContext *Context)
+      : ClangTidyCheck(Name, Context) {}
+  void registerMatchers(ast_matchers::MatchFinder *Finder) override;
+  void check(const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) override;
+
+private:
+  using NamespaceContextVec = llvm::SmallVector<const NamespaceDecl *, 6>;
+  using NamespaceString = llvm::SmallString<40>;
+
+  void reportDiagnostic(const SourceRange &FrontReplacement,
+                        const SourceRange &BackReplacement);
+  NamespaceString concatNamespaces();
+  NamespaceContextVec Namespaces;
+};
+} // namespace modernize
+} // namespace tidy
+} // namespace clang
+
+#endif // LLVM_CLANG_TOOLS_EXTRA_CLANG_TIDY_MODERNIZE_CONCATNESTEDNAMESPACESCHECK_H

clang-tidy/modernize/ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp

+//===--- ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.cpp - clang-tidy----------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h"
+#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
+#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchFinder.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace tidy {
+namespace modernize {
+
+static bool locationsInSameFile(const SourceManager &Sources,
+                                SourceLocation Loc1, SourceLocation Loc2) {
+  return Loc1.isFileID() && Loc2.isFileID() &&
+         Sources.getFileID(Loc1) == Sources.getFileID(Loc2);
+}
+
+static bool anonymousOrInlineNamespace(const NamespaceDecl &ND) {
+  return ND.isAnonymousNamespace() || ND.isInlineNamespace();
+}
+
+static bool singleNamedNamespaceChild(const NamespaceDecl &ND) {
+  NamespaceDecl::decl_range Decls = ND.decls();
+  if (std::distance(Decls.begin(), Decls.end()) != 1)
+    return false;
+
+  const auto *ChildNamespace = dyn_cast<const NamespaceDecl>(*Decls.begin());
+  return ChildNamespace && !anonymousOrInlineNamespace(*ChildNamespace);
+}
+
+static bool alreadyConcatenated(std::size_t NumCandidates,
+                                const SourceRange &ReplacementRange,
+                                const SourceManager &Sources,
+                                const LangOptions &LangOpts) {
+  CharSourceRange TextRange =
+      Lexer::getAsCharRange(ReplacementRange, Sources, LangOpts);
+  StringRef CurrentNamespacesText =
+      Lexer::getSourceText(TextRange, Sources, LangOpts);
+  return CurrentNamespacesText.count(':') == (NumCandidates - 1) * 2;
+}
+
+ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::NamespaceString
+ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::concatNamespaces() {
+  NamespaceString Result("namespace ");
+  Result.append(Namespaces.front()->getName());
+
+  std::for_each(std::next(Namespaces.begin()), Namespaces.end(),
+                [&Result](const NamespaceDecl *ND) {
+                  Result.append("::");
+                  Result.append(ND->getName());
+                });
+
+  return Result;
+}
+
+void ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::registerMatchers(
+    ast_matchers::MatchFinder *Finder) {
+  if (!getLangOpts().CPlusPlus17)
+    return;
+
+  Finder->addMatcher(ast_matchers::namespaceDecl().bind("namespace"), this);
+}
+
+void ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::reportDiagnostic(
+    const SourceRange &FrontReplacement, const SourceRange &BackReplacement) {
+  diag(Namespaces.front()->getBeginLoc(),
+       "nested namespaces can be concatenated", DiagnosticIDs::Warning)
+      << FixItHint::CreateReplacement(FrontReplacement, concatNamespaces())
+      << FixItHint::CreateReplacement(BackReplacement, "}");
+}
+
+void ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck::check(
+    const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) {
+  const NamespaceDecl &ND = *Result.Nodes.getNodeAs<NamespaceDecl>("namespace");
+  const SourceManager &Sources = *Result.SourceManager;
+
+  if (!locationsInSameFile(Sources, ND.getBeginLoc(), ND.getRBraceLoc()))
+    return;
+
+  if (!Sources.isInMainFile(ND.getBeginLoc()))
+    return;
+
+  if (anonymousOrInlineNamespace(ND))
+    return;
+
+  Namespaces.push_back(&ND);
+
+  if (singleNamedNamespaceChild(ND))
+    return;
+
+  SourceRange FrontReplacement(Namespaces.front()->getBeginLoc(),
+                               Namespaces.back()->getLocation());
+  SourceRange BackReplacement(Namespaces.back()->getRBraceLoc(),
+                              Namespaces.front()->getRBraceLoc());
+
+  if (!alreadyConcatenated(Namespaces.size(), FrontReplacement, Sources,
+                           getLangOpts()))
+    reportDiagnostic(FrontReplacement, BackReplacement);
+
+  Namespaces.clear();
+}
+
+} // namespace modernize
+} // namespace tidy
+} // namespace clang

clang-tidy/modernize/ModernizeTidyModule.cpp

 //===--- ModernizeTidyModule.cpp - clang-tidy -----------------------------===//
 //
 //                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
 //
 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #include "../ClangTidy.h"
 #include "../ClangTidyModule.h"
 #include "../ClangTidyModuleRegistry.h"
 #include "AvoidBindCheck.h"
+#include "ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck.h"
 #include "DeprecatedHeadersCheck.h"
 #include "LoopConvertCheck.h"
 #include "MakeSharedCheck.h"
 #include "MakeUniqueCheck.h"
 #include "PassByValueCheck.h"
 #include "RawStringLiteralCheck.h"
 #include "RedundantVoidArgCheck.h"
 #include "ReplaceAutoPtrCheck.h"

 namespace clang {
 namespace tidy {
 namespace modernize {
 
 class ModernizeModule : public ClangTidyModule {
 public:
   void addCheckFactories(ClangTidyCheckFactories &CheckFactories) override {
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<AvoidBindCheck>("modernize-avoid-bind");
+    CheckFactories.registerCheck<ConcatNestedNamespacesCheck>(
+        "modernize-concat-nested-namespaces");
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<DeprecatedHeadersCheck>(
         "modernize-deprecated-headers");
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<LoopConvertCheck>("modernize-loop-convert");
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<MakeSharedCheck>("modernize-make-shared");
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<MakeUniqueCheck>("modernize-make-unique");
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<PassByValueCheck>("modernize-pass-by-value");
     CheckFactories.registerCheck<RawStringLiteralCheck>(
         "modernize-raw-string-literal");

docs/ReleaseNotes.rst

 - New :doc:`abseil-faster-strsplit-delimiter
   <clang-tidy/checks/abseil-faster-strsplit-delimiter>` check.
 
   Finds instances of ``absl::StrSplit()`` or ``absl::MaxSplits()`` where the
   delimiter is a single character string literal and replaces with a character.
 
 - New :doc:`abseil-no-internal-dependencies
   <clang-tidy/checks/abseil-no-internal-dependencies>` check.
-  
   Gives a warning if code using Abseil depends on internal details.
 
 - New :doc:`abseil-no-namespace
   <clang-tidy/checks/abseil-no-namespace>` check.
 
   Ensures code does not open ``namespace absl`` as that violates Abseil's
   compatibility guidelines.
 
 - New :doc:`abseil-redundant-strcat-calls
   <clang-tidy/checks/abseil-redundant-strcat-calls>` check.
 
   Suggests removal of unnecessary calls to ``absl::StrCat`` when the result is
   being passed to another ``absl::StrCat`` or ``absl::StrAppend``.
 
 - New :doc:`abseil-str-cat-append
   <clang-tidy/checks/abseil-str-cat-append>` check.
 
-  Flags uses of ``absl::StrCat()`` to append to a ``std::string``. Suggests 
+  Flags uses of ``absl::StrCat()`` to append to a ``std::string``. Suggests
   ``absl::StrAppend()`` should be used instead.
 
+- New :doc:`modernize-concat-nested-namespaces
+  <clang-tidy/checks/modernize-concat-nested-namespaces>` check.
+
+  Checks for uses of nested namespaces in the form of
+  ``namespace a { namespace b { ... }}`` and offers change to
+  syntax introduced in C++17 standard: ``namespace a::b { ... }``.
+
 - New :doc:`readability-magic-numbers
   <clang-tidy/checks/readability-magic-numbers>` check.
 
   Detects usage of magic numbers, numbers that are used as literals instead of
   introduced via constants or symbols.
 
 Improvements to include-fixer
 -----------------------------
 
 The improvements are...
 
 Improvements to modularize
 --------------------------
 
 The improvements are...

docs/clang-tidy/checks/list.rst

 .. title:: clang-tidy - Clang-Tidy Checks
 
 Clang-Tidy Checks
 =================
 
 .. toctree::
    abseil-duration-division
    abseil-faster-strsplit-delimiter
    abseil-no-internal-dependencies
    abseil-no-namespace
    abseil-redundant-strcat-calls
    abseil-string-find-startswith
    abseil-str-cat-append
    android-cloexec-accept
    android-cloexec-accept4
    android-cloexec-creat
    android-cloexec-dup
    android-cloexec-epoll-create
    android-cloexec-epoll-create1
    android-cloexec-fopen
    android-cloexec-inotify-init
    android-cloexec-inotify-init1
.. toctree::
    misc-static-assert
    misc-throw-by-value-catch-by-reference
    misc-unconventional-assign-operator
    misc-uniqueptr-reset-release
    misc-unused-alias-decls
    misc-unused-parameters
    misc-unused-using-decls
    modernize-avoid-bind
+   modernize-concat-nested-namespaces
    modernize-deprecated-headers
    modernize-loop-convert
    modernize-make-shared
    modernize-make-unique
    modernize-pass-by-value
    modernize-raw-string-literal
    modernize-redundant-void-arg
    modernize-replace-auto-ptr

docs/clang-tidy/checks/modernize-concat-nested-namespaces.rst

+.. title:: clang-tidy - modernize-concat-nested-namespaces
+
+modernize-concat-nested-namespaces
+==================================
+
+Checks for use of nested namespaces such as ``namespace a { namespace b { ... } }``
+and suggests changing to the more concise syntax introduced in C++17: ``namespace a::b { ... }``.
+Inline namespaces are not modified.
+
+For example:
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+  namespace n1 {
+  namespace n2 {
+  void t();
+  }
+  }
+
+  namespace n3 {
+  namespace n4 {
+  namespace n5 {
+  void t();
+  }
+  }
+  namespace n6 {
+  namespace n7 {
+  void t();
+  }
+  }
+  }
+
+Will be modified to:
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+  namespace n1::n2 {
+  void t();
+  }
+
+  namespace n3 {
+  namespace n4::n5 {
+  void t();
+  }
+  namespace n6::n7 {
+  void t();
+  }
+  }
+

test/clang-tidy/modernize-concat-nested-namespaces.cpp

+// RUN: %check_clang_tidy %s modernize-concat-nested-namespaces %t -- -- -std=c++17
+
+namespace n1 {}
+
+namespace n2 {
+namespace n3 {
+void t();
+}
+namespace n4 {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n2
+
+namespace n5 {
+inline namespace n6 {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n5
+
+namespace n7 {
+void t();
+
+namespace n8 {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n7
+
+namespace n9 {
+namespace n10 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n9::n10
+void t();
+} // namespace n10
+} // namespace n9
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+
+namespace n11 {
+namespace n12 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n11::n12
+namespace n13 {
+void t();
+}
+namespace n14 {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n12
+} // namespace n11
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+
+namespace n15 {
+namespace n16 {
+void t();
+}
+
+inline namespace n17 {
+void t();
+}
+
+namespace n18 {
+namespace n19 {
+namespace n20 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-3]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n18::n19::n20
+void t();
+} // namespace n20
+} // namespace n19
+} // namespace n18
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+
+namespace n21 {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n15
+
+namespace n22 {
+namespace {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n22
+
+namespace n23 {
+namespace {
+namespace n24 {
+namespace n25 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n24::n25
+void t();
+} // namespace n25
+} // namespace n24
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+} // namespace
+} // namespace n23
+
+namespace n26::n27 {
+namespace n28 {
+namespace n29::n30 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-3]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n26::n27::n28::n29::n30
+void t() {}
+} // namespace n29::n30
+} // namespace n28
+} // namespace n26::n27
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+
+namespace n31 {
+namespace n32 {}
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+} // namespace n31
+// CHECK-FIXES-EMPTY
+
+namespace n33 {
+namespace n34 {
+namespace n35 {}
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+} // namespace n34
+// CHECK-FIXES-EMPTY
+namespace n36 {
+void t();
+}
+} // namespace n33
+
+namespace n37::n38 {
+void t();
+}
+
+#define IEXIST
+namespace n39 {
+namespace n40 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n39::n40
+#ifdef IEXIST
+void t() {}
+#endif
+} // namespace n40
+} // namespace n39
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+
+namespace n41 {
+namespace n42 {
+// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-2]]:1: warning: nested namespaces can be concatenated [modernize-concat-nested-namespaces]
+// CHECK-FIXES: namespace n41::n42
+#ifdef IDONTEXIST
+void t() {}
+#endif
+} // namespace n42
+} // namespace n41
+// CHECK-FIXES: }
+
+int main() {
+  n26::n27::n28::n29::n30::t();
+#ifdef IEXIST
+  n39::n40::t();
+#endif
+
+#ifdef IDONTEXIST
+  n41::n42::t();
+#endif
+
+  return 0;
+}