[analyzer][docs] Highlight some differences between ArrayBound and V2

[steakhal]

Summary

It adds some comments about the ArrayBound and ArrayBoundV2. It would help the users deciding which to enable.

Further thoughts on this:
If V2 warns for all cases where V1 does, why do we let them enable both at the same time?

[steakhal]

clang/docs/analyzer/checkers.rst

2107

There is no such checker, thus I removed this comment. Also, unix.Malloc seems to be enough.

[steakhal]

Add 'Limitations and bugs' section with a false-positive example.
It would also help users classifying certain types of false-positive reports.

[Szelethus]

clang/docs/analyzer/checkers.rst

2107

This doesn't seem to be true, MallocChecker's modeling and reporting parts are rather neatly separated, it should depend on unix.DinamicMemoryModeling. The warnings show even with the following command:

build/bin/clang -cc1 -analyze -analyzer-checker=core,alpha.security.ArrayBound,unix.Malloc test2.c

And should be patched, ideally:

diff --git a/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/Checkers.td b/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/Checkers.td
index 444b00d73f0b..c36cfba2cdcf 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/Checkers.td
+++ b/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/Checkers.td
@@ -941,6 +941,7 @@ let ParentPackage = SecurityAlpha in {
 
 def ArrayBoundChecker : Checker<"ArrayBound">,
   HelpText<"Warn about buffer overflows (older checker)">,
+  Dependencies<[DynamicMemoryModeling]>,
   Documentation<HasAlphaDocumentation>;
 
 def ArrayBoundCheckerV2 : Checker<"ArrayBoundV2">,

2126

if the taint checker is also enabled

2128–2130

transforms buffer accesses more aggressively

What does that mean? I'm not sure, and I am supposed to be a developer >.<'

While <this chceker is better>

...and where is the 'but'? Maybe 'while' isn't the word to start this sentence on.

2133–2134

And this results in what? What is an arithmetic assumption? What do you mean under value ranges? Can you give an example?

clang/docs/analyzer/checkers.rst

int func(const char *var) {
     return putenv(env); // putenv function should not be called with auto variables
   }
   
 .. _alpha-security-ArrayBound:
 
 alpha.security.ArrayBound (C)
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 Warn about buffer overflows (older checker).
+It does not consider tainted indices.
 
 .. code-block:: c
 
  void test() {
    char *s = "";
    char c = s[1]; // warn
  }
 
  struct seven_words {
    int c[7];
  };
 
  void test() {
    struct seven_words a, *p;
    p = &a;
    p[0] = a;
    p[1] = a;
    p[2] = a; // warn
  }
 
- // note: requires unix.Malloc or
- // alpha.unix.MallocWithAnnotations checks enabled.
+ // note: also requires the unix.Malloc checker.
  void test() {
    int *p = malloc(12);
    p[3] = 4; // warn
  }
 
  void test() {
    char a[2];
    int *b = (int*)a;
    b[1] = 3; // warn
  }
 
 .. _alpha-security-ArrayBoundV2:
 
 alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2 (C)
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 Warn about buffer overflows (newer checker).
+It should warn for all the cases where the ArrayBound would and for more.
+For tainted indices, you have to prove/assert that the index must be inbound
+if the taint checker also enabled.
+
+This checker transforms buffer accesses more aggressively. While it can infer
+more accurate constraints for the possible values ranges of the variables
+constituting to the index expression compared to the simple ArrayBound checker,
+the complexity of the bug paths of not only this but any other checker can also
+increase if enabled.
 
 .. code-block:: c
 
  void test() {
    char *s = "";
    char c = s[1]; // warn
  }
 
  void test() {
    int buf[100];

 
  // note: requires alpha.security.taint check turned on.
  void test() {
    char s[] = "abc";
    int x = getchar();
    char c = s[x]; // warn: index is tainted
  }
 
+ void test() {
+   char s[] = "abc";
+   int x = getchar();
+   x = (x < 0) ? 0 : (x > 3) ? 3 : x;
+   // 'x' is still tainted, but constrained to be within [0,3].
+   char c = s[x];  // no warning
+ }
+
 .. _alpha-security-MallocOverflow:
 
 alpha.security.MallocOverflow (C)
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 Check for overflows in the arguments to malloc().
 
 .. code-block:: c