[llvm-mca][BtVer2] teach how to identify false dependencies on partially written registers.

[andreadb]

Summary

The goal of this patch is to improve the throughput analysis in llvm-mca for the case where instructions in the input assembly sequence perform partial register writes.

On x86, partial register writes are quite difficult to model, mainly because different processors tend to implement different register merging schemes in hardware.

When the code contains partial register writes, the IPC (instructions per cycles) estimated by llvm-mca tends to diverge quite significantly from the observed IPC (using perf).

Modern AMD processors (at least, from Bulldozer onwards) don't rename partial registers. Quoting Agner Fog's microarchitecture.pdf:

The processor always keeps the different parts of an integer register together. For example, AL and AH are not treated as independent by the out-of-order execution mechanism. An instruction that writes to part of a register will therefore have a false dependence on any previous write to the same register or any part of it.

This patch is a first important step towards improving the analysis of partial register updates.

This patch changes the semantic of RegisterFile descriptors in tablegen, and teaches llvm-mca how to identify false dependences in the presence of partial register writes (for more details: see the new code comments in include/Target/TargetSchedule.h - class RegisterFile).

This patch doesn't address the case where a write to a part of a register is followed by a read from the whole register.
On Intel chips, high8 registers (AH/BH/CH/DH)) can be stored in separate physical registers. However, a later (dirty) read of the full register (example: AX/EAX) triggers a merge uOp, which adds extra latency (and potentially affects the pipe usage).
This is a very interesting article about partial register writes on Intel chips here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45660139/how-exactly-do-partial-registers-on-haswell-skylake-perform-writing-al-seems-to

In future, the definition of RegisterFile can be extended with extra information that may be used to identify cases where a register read is slowed down by a merge of a partial write.

Please let me know if okay to commit.

-Andrea

[mattd]

include/llvm/Target/TargetSchedule.td

506

s/wit/with/

tools/llvm-mca/Instruction.cpp

143

Style: You could just use WriteLatency in place of the call to getCyclesLeft.

tools/llvm-mca/RegisterFile.cpp

29

I think you can treat the {0,1U} as a call to the IndexPlusCostPairTy constructor. That would be a bit easier to read.

99

We should note that index 0 is a special case, and probably have a similar comment in RegisterFile.h where IndexPlusCostPairTy is declared.

153

Style: Remove a line of white space.

243

This block looks duplicated from line 233 above. It looks like we will invalidate the supers of RegID twice if WS are clearing super regs.

tools/llvm-mca/RegisterFile.h

155

Add 'to' to the following phrase: ... allows us to classify ...

[RKSimon]

tools/llvm-mca/RegisterFile.cpp

155

Use RRI.RenameAs direct and make RRI const?

331

Is this worth it? Just use RRI.IndexPlusCost directly below?

[andreadb]

Patch updated.

Addressed review comments.

[andreadb]

tools/llvm-mca/RegisterFile.cpp

99

This is already explained in a couple of places in RegisterFile.h.
See the comments on field RegisterFiles, and type RegisterMapping.
If possible, I prefer not to add another comment about it.

243

The previous block is invalidating sub-registers of RegID.
This block invalidates super-registers of RegID. So, we cannot remove it.

[mattd]

I'm happy with the changes made, and don't see anything obviously wrong, but you might want to wait a day/weekend to see if anyone else has anything to add. LGTM!

[lebedev.ri]

include/llvm/Target/TargetSchedule.td

465–466

This should probably be a TODO.
"Software Optimization Guide for AMD Family 17h Processors"
http://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2013/12/55723_SOG_Fam_17h_Processors_3.00.pdf
"34 Microarchitecture of AMD Family 17h Processor Chapter 2"
"2.11 Floating-Point Unit"

It can handle dispatch and renaming of 4 floating point micro ops per cycle

So maybe having one single DispatchWidth per ProcResGroup and using that for
both the dispatch and renaming is the way to go.

[RKSimon]

LGTM with a couple of final minor docs/comments fixes.

include/llvm/Target/TargetSchedule.td

465–466

Yes, please put a TODO in front of this paragraph:

TODO: This implementation currently assumes that there is no limit in the number of renames per cycle, which might not be true for all hardware or register classes.

lib/Target/X86/X86ScheduleBtVer2.td

50

Please can you check the section numbers - it doesn't seem to match the latest version of Agner's doc - as he seems to reorder things with each release, adding the full secton/subsection titles might make sense here.

[lebedev.ri]

ZnVer1 will need updating, too.
I could take a look, but i have an immediate question about FP registers:

llvm/trunk/lib/Target/X86/X86ScheduleBtVer2.td

56 ↗

(On Diff #155583)

A bit late, but i'm not sure about the FP registers.

But the high and low 64 bits of a 128 bit register are treated as independent on
Bobcat, and the high and low 128 bits of a 256 bit register are treated as independent on
Jaguar.

Does that mean that it should be def JFpuPRF: RegisterFile<72, [VR128, VR256], [1, 1, 2]>; ?
Or does that mean on Bobcat <and later>?

[andreadb]

llvm/trunk/lib/Target/X86/X86ScheduleBtVer2.td

56 ↗

(On Diff #155583)

Register class VR64 is the class used by x87/mmx registers.
Those eight registers don't alias with XMM/YMM registers, and they are subject to register renaming.

Bobcat provides native support for 64-bit data types, but not 128-bit data types. So, operations on 128-bit data types are split into 2x64-bit pairs. Internally, the PRF consumes two physical registers to map a single XMM write.

Agner describes this in Section 21.1: The Bobcat has 64-bit physical registers and uses two such registers to save a 128-bit vector.

I hope it helps.
-Andrea

[lebedev.ri]

llvm/trunk/lib/Target/X86/X86ScheduleBtVer2.td

56 ↗

(On Diff #155583)

Thank you.
Yes, i think it did.
Basically, i think it confirmed that the FP RegisterFile for both the btver2, and znver1 is correct.
So i just need to adjust the integer RegisterFile on znver1.

include/llvm/Target/TargetSchedule.td

 // SchedModel will usually be provided by surrounding let statement
 // and ties this SchedAlias mapping to a processor.
 class SchedAlias<SchedReadWrite match, SchedReadWrite alias> {
   SchedReadWrite MatchRW = match;
   SchedReadWrite AliasRW = alias;
   SchedMachineModel SchedModel = ?;
 }
 
-// Allow the definition of processor register files.
-// Each processor register file declares the number of physical registers, as
-// well as a optional register cost information. The cost of a register R is the
-// number of physical registers used to rename R (at register renaming stage).
-// That value defaults to 1, to all the registers contained in the register
-// file. The set of target register files is inferred from the list of register
-// classes. Register costs are defined at register class granularity. An empty
-// list of register classes means that this register file contains all the
-// registers defined by the target.
+// Allow the definition of processor register files for register renaming
+// purposes.
+//
+// Each processor register file declares:
+//  - The set of registers that can be renamed.
+//  - The number of physical registers which can be used for register renaming
+//    purpose.
+//  - The cost of a register rename.
+//
+// This implementation assumes that there is no limit in the number of renames
+// per cycle. Also, there is no limit to how many times the same logical
+// register can be renamed during the same cycle.
+//
+// The cost of a rename is the number of physical registers allocated by the
+// register alias table to map the new definition. By default, register can be
+// renamed at the cost of a single physical register.  Note that register costs
+// are defined at register class granularity (see field `Costs`).
+//
+// The set of registers that are subject to register renaming is declared using
+// a list of register classes (see field `RegClasses`). An empty list of
+// register classes means: all the logical registers defined by the target can
+// be fully renamed.
+//
+// A register R can be renamed if its register class appears in the `RegClasses`
+// set. When R is written, a new alias is allocated at the cost of one or more
+// physical registers; as a result, false dependencies on R are removed.
+//
+// A sub-register V of register R is implicitly part of the same register file.
+// However, V is only renamed if its register class is part of `RegClasses`.
+// Otherwise, the processor keeps it (as well as any other different part
+// of R) together with R, and a write of V always causes a compulsory read of R.
+//
+// This is what happens for example on AMD processors (at least from Bulldozer
+// onwards), where AL and AH are not treated as independent from AX, and AX is
+// not treated as independent from EAX. A write to AL has an implicity false
+// dependency on the last write to EAX (or a portion of EAX).  As a consequence,
+// a write to AL cannot go in parallel with a write to AH.
+//
+// There is no false dependency if the partial register write belongs to a
+// register class that is in `RegClasses`.
+// There is also no penalty for writes that "clear the content a super-register"
+// (see MC/MCInstrAnalysis.h - method MCInstrAnalysis::clearsSuperRegisters()).
+// On x86-64, 32-bit GPR writes implicitly zero the upper half of the underlying
+// physical register, effectively removing any false dependencies with the
+// previous register definition.
+//
+// TODO: we don't currently model merge penalties for the case where a write to
+// a part of a register is followed by a read from a larger part of the same
+// register. On some Intel chips, different parts of a GPR can be stored in
+// different physical registers. However, there is a cost to pay for when the
+// partial write is combined wit the previous super-register definition.
+// We should add support for these cases, and correctly model merge problems
+// with partial register accesses.
 class RegisterFile<int numPhysRegs, list<RegisterClass> Classes = [],
                    list<int> Costs = []> {
   list<RegisterClass> RegClasses = Classes;
   list<int> RegCosts = Costs;
   int NumPhysRegs = numPhysRegs;
   SchedMachineModel SchedModel = ?;
 }
 

lib/Target/X86/X86ScheduleBtVer2.td

 def JLAGU : ProcResource<1>; // Integer Pipe2: LAGU
 def JSAGU : ProcResource<1>; // Integer Pipe3: SAGU (also handles 3-operand LEA)
 def JFPU0 : ProcResource<1>; // Vector/FPU Pipe0: VALU0/VIMUL/FPA
 def JFPU1 : ProcResource<1>; // Vector/FPU Pipe1: VALU1/STC/FPM
 
 // The Integer PRF for Jaguar is 64 entries, and it holds the architectural and
 // speculative version of the 64-bit integer registers.
 // Reference: www.realworldtech.com/jaguar/4/
-def JIntegerPRF : RegisterFile<64, [GR8, GR16, GR32, GR64, CCR]>;
+//
+// The processor always keeps the different parts of an integer register
+// together. An instruction that writes to a part of a register will therefore
+// have a false dependence on any previous write to the same register or any
+// part of it.
+// Reference: Section 18.13 "Partial register access" - Agner Fog's
+// "microarchitecture.pdf".
+def JIntegerPRF : RegisterFile<64, [GR64, CCR]>;
 
 // The Jaguar FP Retire Queue renames SIMD and FP uOps onto a pool of 72 SSE
 // registers. Operations on 256-bit data types are cracked into two COPs.
 // Reference: www.realworldtech.com/jaguar/4/
 def JFpuPRF: RegisterFile<72, [VR64, VR128, VR256], [1, 1, 2]>;
 
 // The retire control unit (RCU) can track up to 64 macro-ops in-flight. It can
 // retire up to two macro-ops per cycle.

test/tools/llvm-mca/X86/BtVer2/partial-reg-update-2.s

 # NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_mca_test_checks.py
 # RUN: llvm-mca -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-unknown -mcpu=btver2 -iterations=1 -resource-pressure=false -timeline < %s | FileCheck %s
 
 imul   %rax, %rbx
 lzcnt  %ax,  %bx
 add    %ecx, %ebx
 
 # CHECK:      Iterations:        1
 # CHECK-NEXT: Instructions:      3
-# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      10
+# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      11
 # CHECK-NEXT: Dispatch Width:    2
-# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               0.30
+# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               0.27
 # CHECK-NEXT: Block RThroughput: 4.0
 
 # CHECK:      Instruction Info:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: #uOps
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Latency
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: RThroughput
 # CHECK-NEXT: [4]: MayLoad
 # CHECK-NEXT: [5]: MayStore
 # CHECK-NEXT: [6]: HasSideEffects (U)
 
 # CHECK:      [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    Instructions:
 # CHECK-NEXT:  2      6     4.00                        imulq %rax, %rbx
 # CHECK-NEXT:  1      1     0.50                        lzcntw  %ax, %bx
 # CHECK-NEXT:  1      1     0.50                        addl  %ecx, %ebx
 
 # CHECK:      Timeline view:
+# CHECK-NEXT:                     0
 # CHECK-NEXT: Index     0123456789
 
-# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeeeeeeER.   imulq  %rax, %rbx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     .DeE----R.   lzcntw %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D=====eER   addl %ecx, %ebx
+# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeeeeeeER .   imulq %rax, %rbx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     .D=====eER.   lzcntw  %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D======eER   addl  %ecx, %ebx
 
 # CHECK:      Average Wait times (based on the timeline view):
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]: Executions
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue while ready
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: Average time elapsed from WB until retire stage
 
 # CHECK:            [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]
 # CHECK-NEXT: 0.     1     1.0    1.0    0.0       imulq  %rax, %rbx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     1     1.0    1.0    4.0       lzcntw %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     1     6.0    0.0    0.0       addl %ecx, %ebx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     1     6.0    0.0    0.0       lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     1     7.0    0.0    0.0       addl %ecx, %ebx

test/tools/llvm-mca/X86/BtVer2/partial-reg-update-3.s

 # NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_mca_test_checks.py
 # RUN: llvm-mca -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-unknown -mcpu=btver2 -iterations=1500 -timeline -timeline-max-iterations=3 < %s | FileCheck %s
 
 # perf stat reports a throughput of 1.00 IPC for this code snippet.
 
 # The ILP is limited by the false dependency on %dx. So, the mov cannot execute
 # in parallel with the add.
 
 add %cx, %dx
 mov %ax, %dx
 xor %bx, %dx
 
 # CHECK:      Iterations:        1500
 # CHECK-NEXT: Instructions:      4500
-# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      2254
+# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      4503
 # CHECK-NEXT: Dispatch Width:    2
-# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               2.00
+# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               1.00
 # CHECK-NEXT: Block RThroughput: 1.5
 
 # CHECK:      Instruction Info:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: #uOps
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Latency
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: RThroughput
 # CHECK-NEXT: [4]: MayLoad
 # CHECK-NEXT: [5]: MayStore

 # CHECK-NEXT: [13]  - JVIMUL
 
 # CHECK:      Resource pressure per iteration:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]
 # CHECK-NEXT: 1.50   1.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -
 
 # CHECK:      Resource pressure by instruction:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]   Instructions:
-# CHECK-NEXT: 1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     addw  %cx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT:  -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     movw  %ax, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     addw  %cx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     movw  %ax, %dx
 # CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     xorw  %bx, %dx
 
 # CHECK:      Timeline view:
-# CHECK-NEXT: Index     012345678
+# CHECK-NEXT:                     01
+# CHECK-NEXT: Index     0123456789
 
-# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeER .  .   addw  %cx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     DeER .  .   movw  %ax, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .DeER.  .   xorw  %bx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     .D=eER  .   addw  %cx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,1]     . DeER  .   movw  %ax, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,2]     . D=eER .   xorw  %bx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .  D=eER.   addw  %cx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,1]     .  DeE-R.   movw  %ax, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,2]     .   DeE-R   xorw  %bx, %dx
+# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeER .    ..   addw %cx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     D=eER.    ..   movw %ax, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D=eER    ..   xorw %bx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     .D==eER   ..   addw %cx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,1]     . D==eER  ..   movw %ax, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,2]     . D===eER ..   xorw %bx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .  D===eER..   addw %cx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,1]     .  D====eER.   movw %ax, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,2]     .   D====eER   xorw %bx, %dx
 
 # CHECK:      Average Wait times (based on the timeline view):
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]: Executions
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue while ready
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: Average time elapsed from WB until retire stage
 
 # CHECK:            [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]
-# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     1.7    0.3    0.0       addw %cx, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     3     1.0    1.0    0.3       movw %ax, %dx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     3     1.3    0.0    0.3       xorw %bx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     2.7    0.3    0.0       addw %cx, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     3     3.3    0.0    0.0       movw %ax, %dx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     3     3.7    0.0    0.0       xorw %bx, %dx

test/tools/llvm-mca/X86/BtVer2/partial-reg-update-4.s

 # NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_mca_test_checks.py
 # RUN: llvm-mca -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-unknown -mcpu=btver2 -iterations=1500 -timeline -timeline-max-iterations=3 < %s | FileCheck %s
 
 # perf stat reports a throughput of 0.60 IPC for this code snippet.
 
 # The lzcnt cannot execute in parallel with the imul because there is a false
 # dependency on %bx.
 
 imul %ax, %bx
 lzcnt %ax, %bx
 add %cx, %bx
 
 # CHECK:      Iterations:        1500
 # CHECK-NEXT: Instructions:      4500
-# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      3006
+# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      7503
 # CHECK-NEXT: Dispatch Width:    2
-# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               1.50
+# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               0.60
 # CHECK-NEXT: Block RThroughput: 2.0
 
 # CHECK:      Instruction Info:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: #uOps
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Latency
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: RThroughput
 # CHECK-NEXT: [4]: MayLoad
 # CHECK-NEXT: [5]: MayStore

 
 # CHECK:      Resource pressure by instruction:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]   Instructions:
 # CHECK-NEXT:  -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -     imulw %ax, %bx
 # CHECK-NEXT: 1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     lzcntw  %ax, %bx
 # CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     addw  %cx, %bx
 
 # CHECK:      Timeline view:
-# CHECK-NEXT:                     01
+# CHECK-NEXT:                     01234567
 # CHECK-NEXT: Index     0123456789
 
-# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeeeER    ..   imulw  %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     .DeE-R    ..   lzcntw %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D=eE-R   ..   addw %cx, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     . D=eeeER ..   imulw  %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,1]     .  DeE--R ..   lzcntw %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,2]     .  D=eE--R..   addw %cx, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .   D=eeeER.   imulw  %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,1]     .    DeE--R.   lzcntw %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,2]     .    D=eE--R   addw %cx, %bx
+# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeeeER    .    . .   imulw  %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     .D==eER   .    . .   lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D===eER  .    . .   addw %cx, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     . D===eeeER    . .   imulw  %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,1]     .  D=====eER   . .   lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,2]     .  D======eER  . .   addw %cx, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .   D======eeeER .   imulw  %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,1]     .    D========eER.   lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,2]     .    D=========eER   addw %cx, %bx
 
 # CHECK:      Average Wait times (based on the timeline view):
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]: Executions
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue while ready
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: Average time elapsed from WB until retire stage
 
 # CHECK:            [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]
-# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     1.7    0.3    0.0       imulw  %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     3     1.0    1.0    1.7       lzcntw %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     3     2.0    0.0    1.7       addw %cx, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     4.0    0.3    0.0       imulw  %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     3     6.0    0.0    0.0       lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     3     7.0    0.0    0.0       addw %cx, %bx

test/tools/llvm-mca/X86/BtVer2/partial-reg-update-5.s

 # NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_mca_test_checks.py
 # RUN: llvm-mca -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-unknown -mcpu=btver2 -iterations=1500 -timeline -timeline-max-iterations=3 < %s | FileCheck %s
 
 # perf stat reports a throughput of 1.00 IPC for this code snippet.
 
 lzcnt %ax, %bx  ## partial register stall.
 
 # CHECK:      Iterations:        1500
 # CHECK-NEXT: Instructions:      1500
-# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      753
+# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      1503
 # CHECK-NEXT: Dispatch Width:    2
-# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               1.99
+# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               1.00
 # CHECK-NEXT: Block RThroughput: 0.5
 
 # CHECK:      Instruction Info:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: #uOps
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Latency
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: RThroughput
 # CHECK-NEXT: [4]: MayLoad
 # CHECK-NEXT: [5]: MayStore

 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]
 # CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -
 
 # CHECK:      Resource pressure by instruction:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]   Instructions:
 # CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -      -     lzcntw  %ax, %bx
 
 # CHECK:      Timeline view:
-# CHECK-NEXT: Index     01234
+# CHECK-NEXT: Index     012345
 
-# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeER.   lzcntw  %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     DeER.   lzcntw  %ax, %bx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .DeER   lzcntw  %ax, %bx
+# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeER .   lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     D=eER.   lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .D=eER   lzcntw %ax, %bx
 
 # CHECK:      Average Wait times (based on the timeline view):
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]: Executions
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue while ready
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: Average time elapsed from WB until retire stage
 
 # CHECK:            [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]
-# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     1.0    1.0    0.0       lzcntw %ax, %bx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     1.7    0.3    0.0       lzcntw %ax, %bx

test/tools/llvm-mca/X86/BtVer2/partial-reg-update-6.s

 # NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_mca_test_checks.py
 # RUN: llvm-mca -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-unknown -mcpu=btver2 -iterations=1500 -timeline -timeline-max-iterations=3 < %s | FileCheck %s
 
 # perf stat reports a throughput of 0.60 IPC for this code snippet.
 # Each lzcnt has a false dependency on %ecx; the first lzcnt has to wait on the
 # imul. However, the folded load can start immediately.
 # The last lzcnt has a false dependency on %cx. However, even in this case, the
 # folded load can start immediately.
 
 imul %edx, %ecx
 lzcnt (%rsp), %cx
 lzcnt 2(%rsp), %cx
 
 # CHECK:      Iterations:        1500
 # CHECK-NEXT: Instructions:      4500
-# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      4507
+# CHECK-NEXT: Total Cycles:      7504
 # CHECK-NEXT: Dispatch Width:    2
-# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               1.00
+# CHECK-NEXT: IPC:               0.60
 # CHECK-NEXT: Block RThroughput: 2.0
 
 # CHECK:      Instruction Info:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: #uOps
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Latency
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: RThroughput
 # CHECK-NEXT: [4]: MayLoad
 # CHECK-NEXT: [5]: MayStore

 
 # CHECK:      Resource pressure per iteration:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]
 # CHECK-NEXT: 1.50   1.50    -      -      -      -      -     2.00   1.00    -      -      -      -      -
 
 # CHECK:      Resource pressure by instruction:
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5]    [6]    [7]    [8]    [9]    [10]   [11]   [12]   [13]   Instructions:
 # CHECK-NEXT:  -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -     imull %edx, %ecx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 0.99   0.01    -      -      -      -      -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -     lzcntw  (%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -     lzcntw  (%rsp), %cx
 # CHECK-NEXT: 0.50   0.50    -      -      -      -      -     1.00    -      -      -      -      -      -     lzcntw  2(%rsp), %cx
 
 # CHECK:      Timeline view:
-# CHECK-NEXT:                     012345
+# CHECK-NEXT:                     012345678
 # CHECK-NEXT: Index     0123456789
 
-# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeeeER    .    .   imull  %edx, %ecx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     .DeeeeER  .    .   lzcntw (%rsp), %cx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D=eeeeER .    .   lzcntw 2(%rsp), %cx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     . D====eeeER   .   imull  %edx, %ecx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,1]     .  DeeeeE--R   .   lzcntw (%rsp), %cx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [1,2]     .  D=eeeeE--R  .   lzcntw 2(%rsp), %cx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .   D=====eeeER.   imull  %edx, %ecx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,1]     .    DeeeeE---R.   lzcntw (%rsp), %cx
-# CHECK-NEXT: [2,2]     .    D=eeeeE---R   lzcntw 2(%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK:      [0,0]     DeeeER    .    .  .   imull %edx, %ecx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,1]     .DeeeeER  .    .  .   lzcntw  (%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [0,2]     .D=eeeeER .    .  .   lzcntw  2(%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,0]     . D====eeeER   .  .   imull %edx, %ecx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,1]     .  D===eeeeER  .  .   lzcntw  (%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [1,2]     .  D====eeeeER .  .   lzcntw  2(%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,0]     .   D=======eeeER .   imull %edx, %ecx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,1]     .    D======eeeeER.   lzcntw  (%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: [2,2]     .    D=======eeeeER   lzcntw  2(%rsp), %cx
 
 # CHECK:      Average Wait times (based on the timeline view):
 # CHECK-NEXT: [0]: Executions
 # CHECK-NEXT: [1]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue
 # CHECK-NEXT: [2]: Average time spent waiting in a scheduler's queue while ready
 # CHECK-NEXT: [3]: Average time elapsed from WB until retire stage
 
 # CHECK:            [0]    [1]    [2]    [3]
-# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     4.0    0.3    0.0       imull  %edx, %ecx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     3     1.0    1.0    1.7       lzcntw (%rsp), %cx
-# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     3     2.0    2.0    1.7       lzcntw 2(%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 0.     3     4.7    0.3    0.0       imull  %edx, %ecx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 1.     3     4.0    0.3    0.0       lzcntw (%rsp), %cx
+# CHECK-NEXT: 2.     3     5.0    0.0    0.0       lzcntw 2(%rsp), %cx

tools/llvm-mca/Instruction.h

class WriteState {
   // For implicit writes, this field always matches the value of
   // field RegisterID from WD.
   unsigned RegisterID;
 
   // True if this write implicitly clears the upper portion of RegisterID's
   // super-registers.
   bool ClearsSuperRegs;
 
+  // This field is set if this is a partial register write, and it has a false
+  // dependency on any previous write of the same register (or a portion of it).
+  // DependentWrite must be able to complete before this write completes, so
+  // that we don't break the WAW, and the two writes can be merged together.
+  const WriteState *DependentWrite;
+
   // A list of dependent reads. Users is a set of dependent
   // reads. A dependent read is added to the set only if CyclesLeft
   // is "unknown". As soon as CyclesLeft is 'known', each user in the set
   // gets notified with the actual CyclesLeft.
 
   // The 'second' element of a pair is a "ReadAdvance" number of cycles.
   std::set<std::pair<ReadState *, int>> Users;
 
 public:
   WriteState(const WriteDescriptor &Desc, unsigned RegID,
              bool clearsSuperRegs = false)
       : WD(Desc), CyclesLeft(UNKNOWN_CYCLES), RegisterID(RegID),
-        ClearsSuperRegs(clearsSuperRegs) {}
+        ClearsSuperRegs(clearsSuperRegs), DependentWrite(nullptr) {}
   WriteState(const WriteState &Other) = delete;
   WriteState &operator=(const WriteState &Other) = delete;
 
   int getCyclesLeft() const { return CyclesLeft; }
   unsigned getWriteResourceID() const { return WD.SClassOrWriteResourceID; }
   unsigned getRegisterID() const { return RegisterID; }
   unsigned getLatency() const { return WD.Latency; }
 
   void addUser(ReadState *Use, int ReadAdvance);
   unsigned getNumUsers() const { return Users.size(); }
   bool clearsSuperRegisters() const { return ClearsSuperRegs; }
 
+  const WriteState *getDependentWrite() const { return DependentWrite; }
+  void setDependentWrite(const WriteState *Write) { DependentWrite = Write; }
+
   // On every cycle, update CyclesLeft and notify dependent users.
   void cycleEvent();
   void onInstructionIssued();
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   void dump() const;
 #endif
 };
public:
   Instruction &operator=(const Instruction &Other) = delete;
 
   VecDefs &getDefs() { return Defs; }
   const VecDefs &getDefs() const { return Defs; }
   VecUses &getUses() { return Uses; }
   const VecUses &getUses() const { return Uses; }
   const InstrDesc &getDesc() const { return Desc; }
   unsigned getRCUTokenID() const { return RCUTokenID; }
+  int getCyclesLeft() const { return CyclesLeft; }
 
   unsigned getNumUsers() const {
     unsigned NumUsers = 0;
     for (const UniqueDef &Def : Defs)
       NumUsers += Def->getNumUsers();
     return NumUsers;
   }
 

tools/llvm-mca/Instruction.cpp

void Instruction::execute() {
 
   // Transition to the "executed" stage if this is a zero-latency instruction.
   if (!CyclesLeft)
     Stage = IS_EXECUTED;
 }
 
 void Instruction::update() {
   assert(isDispatched() && "Unexpected instruction stage found!");
-  if (llvm::all_of(Uses, [](const UniqueUse &Use) { return Use->isReady(); }))
+
+  if (!llvm::all_of(Uses, [](const UniqueUse &Use) { return Use->isReady(); }))
+    return;
+
+  // A partial register write cannot complete before a dependent write.
+  auto IsDefReady = [&](const UniqueDef &Def) {
+    if (const WriteState *Write = Def->getDependentWrite()) {
+      int WriteLatency = Write->getCyclesLeft();
+      if (Write->getCyclesLeft() == UNKNOWN_CYCLES)
+        return false;
+      return static_cast<unsigned>(WriteLatency) < Desc.MaxLatency;
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  if (llvm::all_of(Defs, IsDefReady))
     Stage = IS_READY;
 }
 
 void Instruction::cycleEvent() {
   if (isReady())
     return;
 
   if (isDispatched()) {
-    bool IsReady = true;
-    for (UniqueUse &Use : Uses) {
+    for (UniqueUse &Use : Uses)
       Use->cycleEvent();
-      IsReady &= Use->isReady();
-    }
 
-    if (IsReady)
-      Stage = IS_READY;
+    update();
     return;
   }
 
   assert(isExecuting() && "Instruction not in-flight?");
   assert(CyclesLeft && "Instruction already executed?");
   for (UniqueDef &Def : Defs)
     Def->cycleEvent();
   CyclesLeft--;
   if (!CyclesLeft)
     Stage = IS_EXECUTED;
 }
 
 const unsigned WriteRef::INVALID_IID = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
 
 } // namespace mca

tools/llvm-mca/RegisterFile.h

class RegisterFile : public HardwareUnit {
   // hardware registers declared by the target (i.e. all the register
   // definitions in the target specific `XYZRegisterInfo.td` - where `XYZ` is
   // the target name).
   //
   // Users can limit the number of physical registers that are available in
   // regsiter file #0 specifying command line flag `-register-file-size=<uint>`.
   llvm::SmallVector<RegisterMappingTracker, 4> RegisterFiles;
 
-  // This pair is used to identify the owner of a register, as well as
-  // the "register cost". Register cost is defined as the number of physical
-  // registers required to allocate a user register.
+  // This type is used to propagate information about the owner of a register,
+  // and the cost of allocating it in the PRF. Register cost is defined as the
+  // number of physical registers consumed by the PRF to allocate a user
+  // register.
+  //
   // For example: on X86 BtVer2, a YMM register consumes 2 128-bit physical
   // registers. So, the cost of allocating a YMM register in BtVer2 is 2.
   using IndexPlusCostPairTy = std::pair<unsigned, unsigned>;
 
+  // Struct RegisterRenamingInfo is used to map registers to register files.
+  // There is a RegisterRenamingInfo object for every register defined by
+  // the target. RegisteRenamingInfo objects are stored into vector
+  // RegisterMappings, and register IDs can be used to reference them.
+  // RegisterRenamingInfo also describes how many physical registers
+  // are consumed to rename a register.
+  struct RegisterRenamingInfo {
+    IndexPlusCostPairTy IndexPlusCost;
+    llvm::MCPhysReg RenameAs;
+  }; 
+
   // RegisterMapping objects are mainly used to track physical register
   // definitions. There is a RegisterMapping for every register defined by the
   // Target. For each register, a RegisterMapping pair contains a descriptor of
   // the last register write (in the form of a WriteRef object), as well as a
   // IndexPlusCostPairTy to quickly identify owning register files.
   //
   // This implementation does not allow overlapping register files. The only
   // register file that is allowed to overlap with other register files is
   // register file #0. If we exclude register #0, every register is "owned" by
   // at most one register file.
-  using RegisterMapping = std::pair<WriteRef, IndexPlusCostPairTy>;
+  using RegisterMapping = std::pair<WriteRef, RegisterRenamingInfo>;
 
   // This map contains one entry for each register defined by the target.
   std::vector<RegisterMapping> RegisterMappings;
 
   // This method creates a new register file descriptor.
   // The new register file owns all of the registers declared by register
   // classes in the 'RegisterClasses' set.
   //
   // Processor models allow the definition of RegisterFile(s) via tablegen. For
   // example, this is a tablegen definition for a x86 register file for
   // XMM[0-15] and YMM[0-15], that allows up to 60 renames (each rename costs 1
   // physical register).
   //
   //    def FPRegisterFile : RegisterFile<60, [VR128RegClass, VR256RegClass]>
   //
   // Here FPRegisterFile contains all the registers defined by register class
   // VR128RegClass and VR256RegClass. FPRegisterFile implements 60
   // registers which can be used for register renaming purpose.
   void
   addRegisterFile(llvm::ArrayRef<llvm::MCRegisterCostEntry> RegisterClasses,
                   unsigned NumPhysRegs);
 
   // Consumes physical registers in each register file specified by the
   // `IndexPlusCostPairTy`. This method is called from `addRegisterMapping()`.
-  void allocatePhysRegs(IndexPlusCostPairTy IPC,
+  void allocatePhysRegs(const RegisterRenamingInfo &Entry,
                         llvm::MutableArrayRef<unsigned> UsedPhysRegs);
 
-  // Releases previously allocated physical registers from the register file(s)
-  // referenced by the IndexPlusCostPairTy object. This method is called from
-  // `invalidateRegisterMapping()`.
-  void freePhysRegs(IndexPlusCostPairTy IPC,
+  // Releases previously allocated physical registers from the register file(s).
+  // This method is called from `invalidateRegisterMapping()`.
+  void freePhysRegs(const RegisterRenamingInfo &Entry,
                     llvm::MutableArrayRef<unsigned> FreedPhysRegs);
 
   // Create an instance of RegisterMappingTracker for every register file
   // specified by the processor model.
   // If no register file is specified, then this method creates a default
   // register file with an unbounded number of physical registers.
   void initialize(const llvm::MCSchedModel &SM, unsigned NumRegs);
 
public:
   void removeRegisterWrite(const WriteState &WS,
                            llvm::MutableArrayRef<unsigned> FreedPhysRegs,
                            bool ShouldFreePhysRegs = true);
 
   // Checks if there are enough physical registers in the register files.
   // Returns a "response mask" where each bit represents the response from a
   // different register file.  A mask of all zeroes means that all register
   // files are available.  Otherwise, the mask can be used to identify which
-  // register file was busy.  This sematic allows us classify dispatch dispatch
+  // register file was busy.  This sematic allows us classify dispatch
   // stalls caused by the lack of register file resources.
+  //
+  // Current implementation can simulate up to 32 register files (including the
+  // special register file at index #0).
   unsigned isAvailable(llvm::ArrayRef<unsigned> Regs) const;
   void collectWrites(llvm::SmallVectorImpl<WriteRef> &Writes,
                      unsigned RegID) const;
   void updateOnRead(ReadState &RS, unsigned RegID);
 
   unsigned getNumRegisterFiles() const { return RegisterFiles.size(); }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   void dump() const;
 #endif
 };
 
 } // namespace mca
 
 #endif // LLVM_TOOLS_LLVM_MCA_REGISTER_FILE_H

tools/llvm-mca/RegisterFile.cpp

 using namespace llvm;
 
 #define DEBUG_TYPE "llvm-mca"
 
 namespace mca {
 
 RegisterFile::RegisterFile(const llvm::MCSchedModel &SM,
                            const llvm::MCRegisterInfo &mri, unsigned NumRegs)
-    : MRI(mri), RegisterMappings(mri.getNumRegs(), {WriteRef(), {0, 0}}) {
+    : MRI(mri), RegisterMappings(mri.getNumRegs(), {WriteRef(), {{0, 1U}, 0}}) {
   initialize(SM, NumRegs);
 }
 
 void RegisterFile::initialize(const MCSchedModel &SM, unsigned NumRegs) {
   // Create a default register file that "sees" all the machine registers
   // declared by the target. The number of physical registers in the default
   // register file is set equal to `NumRegs`. A value of zero for `NumRegs`
   // means: this register file has an unbounded number of physical registers.
void RegisterFile::addRegisterFile(ArrayRef<MCRegisterCostEntry> Entries,
   // registers in register file #0 through the command line flag
   // `-register-file-size`.
   unsigned RegisterFileIndex = RegisterFiles.size();
   RegisterFiles.emplace_back(NumPhysRegs);
 
   // Special case where there is no register class identifier in the set.
   // An empty set of register classes means: this register file contains all
   // the physical registers specified by the target.
-  if (Entries.empty()) {
-    for (std::pair<WriteRef, IndexPlusCostPairTy> &Mapping : RegisterMappings)
-      Mapping.second = std::make_pair(RegisterFileIndex, 1U);
+  // We optimistically assume that a register can be renamed at the cost of a
+  // single physical register. The constructor of RegisterFile ensures that
+  // a RegisterMapping exists for each logical register defined by the Target.
+  if (Entries.empty())
     return;
-  }
 
   // Now update the cost of individual registers.
   for (const MCRegisterCostEntry &RCE : Entries) {
     const MCRegisterClass &RC = MRI.getRegClass(RCE.RegisterClassID);
     for (const MCPhysReg Reg : RC) {
-      IndexPlusCostPairTy &Entry = RegisterMappings[Reg].second;
-      if (Entry.first) {
+      RegisterRenamingInfo &Entry = RegisterMappings[Reg].second;
+      IndexPlusCostPairTy &IPC = Entry.IndexPlusCost;
+      if (IPC.first && IPC.first != RegisterFileIndex) {
         // The only register file that is allowed to overlap is the default
         // register file at index #0. The analysis is inaccurate if register
         // files overlap.
         errs() << "warning: register " << MRI.getName(Reg)
                << " defined in multiple register files.";
       }
-      Entry.first = RegisterFileIndex;
-      Entry.second = RCE.Cost;
+      IPC = std::make_pair(RegisterFileIndex, RCE.Cost);
+      Entry.RenameAs = Reg;
+
+      // Assume the same cost for each sub-register.
+      for (MCSubRegIterator I(Reg, &MRI); I.isValid(); ++I) {
+        RegisterRenamingInfo &OtherEntry = RegisterMappings[*I].second;
+        if (!OtherEntry.IndexPlusCost.first &&
+            (!OtherEntry.RenameAs ||
+             MRI.isSuperRegister(*I, OtherEntry.RenameAs))) {
+          OtherEntry.IndexPlusCost = IPC;
+          OtherEntry.RenameAs = Reg;
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
 }
 
-void RegisterFile::allocatePhysRegs(IndexPlusCostPairTy Entry,
+
+void RegisterFile::allocatePhysRegs(const RegisterRenamingInfo &Entry,
                                     MutableArrayRef<unsigned> UsedPhysRegs) {
-  unsigned RegisterFileIndex = Entry.first;
-  unsigned Cost = Entry.second;
+  unsigned RegisterFileIndex = Entry.IndexPlusCost.first;
+  unsigned Cost = Entry.IndexPlusCost.second;
   if (RegisterFileIndex) {
     RegisterMappingTracker &RMT = RegisterFiles[RegisterFileIndex];
     RMT.NumUsedPhysRegs += Cost;
     UsedPhysRegs[RegisterFileIndex] += Cost;
   }
 
   // Now update the default register mapping tracker.
   RegisterFiles[0].NumUsedPhysRegs += Cost;
   UsedPhysRegs[0] += Cost;
 }
 
-void RegisterFile::freePhysRegs(IndexPlusCostPairTy Entry,
+void RegisterFile::freePhysRegs(const RegisterRenamingInfo &Entry,
                                 MutableArrayRef<unsigned> FreedPhysRegs) {
-  unsigned RegisterFileIndex = Entry.first;
-  unsigned Cost = Entry.second;
+  unsigned RegisterFileIndex = Entry.IndexPlusCost.first;
+  unsigned Cost = Entry.IndexPlusCost.second;
   if (RegisterFileIndex) {
     RegisterMappingTracker &RMT = RegisterFiles[RegisterFileIndex];
     RMT.NumUsedPhysRegs -= Cost;
     FreedPhysRegs[RegisterFileIndex] += Cost;
   }
 
   // Now update the default register mapping tracker.
   RegisterFiles[0].NumUsedPhysRegs -= Cost;
   FreedPhysRegs[0] += Cost;
 }
 
 void RegisterFile::addRegisterWrite(WriteRef Write,
                                     MutableArrayRef<unsigned> UsedPhysRegs,
                                     bool ShouldAllocatePhysRegs) {
-  const WriteState &WS = *Write.getWriteState();
+  WriteState &WS = *Write.getWriteState();
   unsigned RegID = WS.getRegisterID();
   assert(RegID && "Adding an invalid register definition?");
 
-  RegisterMapping &Mapping = RegisterMappings[RegID];
-  Mapping.first = Write;
+  LLVM_DEBUG({
+    dbgs() << "RegisterFile: addRegisterWrite [ " << Write.getSourceIndex()
+           << ", " << MRI.getName(RegID) << "]\n";
+  });
+
+
+  RegisterRenamingInfo &RRI = RegisterMappings[RegID].second;
+  const unsigned RenameAs = RRI.RenameAs;
+
+  // If RenameAs is equal to RegID, then RegID is subject to register renaming
+  // and false dependencies on RegID are all eliminated.
+
+  // If RenameAs references the invalid register, then we optimistically assume
+  // that it can be renamed. In the absence of tablegen descriptors for register
+  // files, RenameAs is always set to the invalid register ID.  In all other
+  // cases, RenameAs must be either equal to RegID, or it must reference a
+  // super-register of RegID.
+
+  // If RenameAs is a super-register of RegID, then a write to RegID has always
+  // a false dependency on RenameAs. The only exception is for when the write
+  // implicitly clears the upper portion of the underlying register.
+  // If a write clears its super-registers, then it is renamed as `RenameAs`.
+  if (RenameAs && RenameAs != RegID) {
+    RegID = RenameAs;
+    const WriteRef &OtherWrite = RegisterMappings[RegID].first;
+
+    if (!WS.clearsSuperRegisters()) {
+      // The processor keeps the definition of `RegID` together with register
+      // `RenameAs`. Since this partial write is not renamed, no physical
+      // register is allocated.
+      ShouldAllocatePhysRegs = false;
+
+      if (OtherWrite.getSourceIndex() != Write.getSourceIndex()) {
+        // This partial write has a false dependency on RenameAs.
+        WS.setDependentWrite(OtherWrite.getWriteState());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Update the mapping for register RegID including its sub-registers.
+  RegisterMappings[RegID].first = Write;
   for (MCSubRegIterator I(RegID, &MRI); I.isValid(); ++I)
     RegisterMappings[*I].first = Write;
 
   // No physical registers are allocated for instructions that are optimized in
   // hardware. For example, zero-latency data-dependency breaking instructions
   // don't consume physical registers.
   if (ShouldAllocatePhysRegs)
-    allocatePhysRegs(Mapping.second, UsedPhysRegs);
+    allocatePhysRegs(RegisterMappings[RegID].second, UsedPhysRegs);
 
-  // If this is a partial update, then we are done.
   if (!WS.clearsSuperRegisters())
     return;
 
   for (MCSuperRegIterator I(RegID, &MRI); I.isValid(); ++I)
     RegisterMappings[*I].first = Write;
 }
 
 void RegisterFile::removeRegisterWrite(const WriteState &WS,
                                        MutableArrayRef<unsigned> FreedPhysRegs,
                                        bool ShouldFreePhysRegs) {
   unsigned RegID = WS.getRegisterID();
-  bool ShouldInvalidateSuperRegs = WS.clearsSuperRegisters();
 
   assert(RegID != 0 && "Invalidating an already invalid register?");
-  assert(WS.getCyclesLeft() != -512 &&
+  assert(WS.getCyclesLeft() != UNKNOWN_CYCLES &&
          "Invalidating a write of unknown cycles!");
   assert(WS.getCyclesLeft() <= 0 && "Invalid cycles left for this write!");
-  RegisterMapping &Mapping = RegisterMappings[RegID];
-  WriteRef &WR = Mapping.first;
-  if (!WR.isValid())
-    return;
+
+  unsigned RenameAs = RegisterMappings[RegID].second.RenameAs;
+  if (RenameAs && RenameAs != RegID) {
+    RegID = RenameAs;
+
+    if (!WS.clearsSuperRegisters()) {
+      // The processor keeps the definition of `RegID` together with register
+      // `RenameAs`.
+      ShouldFreePhysRegs = false;
+    }
+  }
 
   if (ShouldFreePhysRegs)
-    freePhysRegs(Mapping.second, FreedPhysRegs);
+    freePhysRegs(RegisterMappings[RegID].second, FreedPhysRegs);
 
+  WriteRef &WR = RegisterMappings[RegID].first;
   if (WR.getWriteState() == &WS)
     WR.invalidate();
 
   for (MCSubRegIterator I(RegID, &MRI); I.isValid(); ++I) {
-    WR = RegisterMappings[*I].first;
-    if (WR.getWriteState() == &WS)
-      WR.invalidate();
+    WriteRef &OtherWR = RegisterMappings[*I].first;
+    if (OtherWR.getWriteState() == &WS)
+      OtherWR.invalidate();
   }
 
-  if (!ShouldInvalidateSuperRegs)
+  if (!WS.clearsSuperRegisters())
     return;
 
   for (MCSuperRegIterator I(RegID, &MRI); I.isValid(); ++I) {
-    WR = RegisterMappings[*I].first;
-    if (WR.getWriteState() == &WS)
-      WR.invalidate();
+    WriteRef &OtherWR = RegisterMappings[*I].first;
+    if (OtherWR.getWriteState() == &WS)
+      OtherWR.invalidate();
   }
 }
 
 void RegisterFile::collectWrites(SmallVectorImpl<WriteRef> &Writes,
                                  unsigned RegID) const {
   assert(RegID && RegID < RegisterMappings.size());
+  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "RegisterFile: collecting writes for register "
+                    << MRI.getName(RegID) << '\n');
   const WriteRef &WR = RegisterMappings[RegID].first;
   if (WR.isValid())
     Writes.push_back(WR);
 
   // Handle potential partial register updates.
   for (MCSubRegIterator I(RegID, &MRI); I.isValid(); ++I) {
     const WriteRef &WR = RegisterMappings[*I].first;
     if (WR.isValid())
void RegisterFile::collectWrites(SmallVectorImpl<WriteRef> &Writes,
   });
 }
 
 unsigned RegisterFile::isAvailable(ArrayRef<unsigned> Regs) const {
   SmallVector<unsigned, 4> NumPhysRegs(getNumRegisterFiles());
 
   // Find how many new mappings must be created for each register file.
   for (const unsigned RegID : Regs) {
-    const IndexPlusCostPairTy &Entry = RegisterMappings[RegID].second;
+    const RegisterRenamingInfo &RRI = RegisterMappings[RegID].second;
+    const IndexPlusCostPairTy &Entry = RRI.IndexPlusCost;
     if (Entry.first)
       NumPhysRegs[Entry.first] += Entry.second;
     NumPhysRegs[0] += Entry.second;
   }
 
   unsigned Response = 0;
   for (unsigned I = 0, E = getNumRegisterFiles(); I < E; ++I) {
     unsigned NumRegs = NumPhysRegs[I];

 }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 void RegisterFile::dump() const {
   for (unsigned I = 0, E = MRI.getNumRegs(); I < E; ++I) {
     const RegisterMapping &RM = RegisterMappings[I];
     if (!RM.first.getWriteState())
       continue;
-    const std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> &IndexPlusCost = RM.second;
+    const RegisterRenamingInfo &RRI = RM.second;
+    const std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> &IndexPlusCost = RRI.IndexPlusCost;
     dbgs() << MRI.getName(I) << ", " << I << ", PRF=" << IndexPlusCost.first
-           << ", Cost=" << IndexPlusCost.second 
+           << ", Cost=" << IndexPlusCost.second << ", RenameAs=" << RRI.RenameAs
            << ", ";
     RM.first.dump();
     dbgs() << '\n';
   }
 
   for (unsigned I = 0, E = getNumRegisterFiles(); I < E; ++I) {
     dbgs() << "Register File #" << I;
     const RegisterMappingTracker &RMT = RegisterFiles[I];
     dbgs() << "\n  TotalMappings:        " << RMT.NumPhysRegs
            << "\n  NumUsedMappings:      " << RMT.NumUsedPhysRegs << '\n';
   }
 }
 #endif
 
 } // namespace mca