[libc++][format] Adds char formatter.

[Mordante]

Summary

Implements the formatter for all fundamental integer types.
[format.formatter.spec]/2.1
The specializations

template<> struct formatter<char, char>;
template<> struct formatter<char, wchar_t>;
template<> struct formatter<wchar_t, wchar_t>;

This removes the stub implemented in D96664.

Implements parts of:

• P0645 Text Formatting

[Mordante]

Rebase.
Disable a failing test on Windows.

[Mordante]

This patch will be updated due to changes in other patches in the series.

[Mordante]

Rebased and updated:

• Address some changes from previous patches
• Minor cleanups and comment improvements
• Added a module map

[Mordante]

Rebase.

[vitaut]

libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/tests.inc

113

This should probably be fixed in a different diff but . alone is not a prevision field at all: http://eel.is/c++draft/format.string.std.

[vitaut]

libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/tests.inc

113

AFAICS this should give "The format-spec precision field doesn't contain a value or arg-id" according to the parsing logic in https://reviews.llvm.org/D103368.

[Mordante]

libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/tests.inc

113

Due to https://reviews.llvm.org/D103368#inline-990725 this will no longer mention precision in the exception message. I was still addressing other review comments so haven't gotten around to update this patch.

[Mordante]

Rebase
Use private module headers
Guard unit tests for implementation details

[Mordante]

libcxx/include/__format/formatter_char.h

46

s/_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY/_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI/ here and all other occurrences in this patch.

[Mordante]

Needs updates due to changes in D103368.

[Mordante]

Rebased and adjusted for chandges in main
s/_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY/_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI/
Generate private module tests

[vitaut]

LGTM

libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/format/format.string/format.string.std/std_format_spec_char.pass.cpp

174–175 ↗

(On Diff #364492)

You already have this assert above.

[Mordante]

libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/format/format.string/format.string.std/std_format_spec_char.pass.cpp

174–175 ↗

(On Diff #364492)

True, but I like these kind of asserts closely "attached" to where they're needed.

[Mordante]

Rebased and adjusted for changes in main
s/_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY/_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI/

[Mordante]

Remove the unneeded _LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS.
Updated code to changes earlier in the patch series.

[ldionne]

For lurkers -- I'm going through these patches and looking out for libc++ specific things. We agreed with @Mordante to rely on @vitaut 's review and the test coverage here for the correctness of the actual code, which is why I have so few comments.

libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/format/format.string/format.string.std/std_format_spec_char.pass.cpp

437 ↗

(On Diff #372965)

Can you add a comment explaining why that's not satisfied on Windows?

[Mordante]

libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/format/format.string/format.string.std/std_format_spec_char.pass.cpp

437 ↗

(On Diff #372965)

I added a TODO FMT. LWG 3576 will probably change the size of the Parser.

libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt

set(files
   __format/format_arg.h
   __format/format_args.h
   __format/format_context.h
   __format/format_error.h
   __format/format_fwd.h
   __format/format_parse_context.h
   __format/format_string.h
   __format/formatter.h
+  __format/formatter_char.h
   __format/formatter_integer.h
   __format/formatter_integral.h
   __format/formatter_string.h
   __format/parser_std_format_spec.h
   __function_like.h
   __functional_base
   __functional/binary_function.h
   __functional/binary_negate.h

libcxx/include/__format/formatter_char.h

+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_H
+
+#include <__availability>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/format_fwd.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
+
+// TODO FMT Remove this once we require compilers with proper C++20 support.
+// If the compiler has no concepts support, the format header will be disabled.
+// Without concepts support enable_if needs to be used and that too much effort
+// to support compilers with partial C++20 support.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONCEPTS) &&                                       \
+    !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_BUILTIN_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED)
+
+namespace __format_spec {
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __parser_char : public __parser_integral<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __parser_integral<_CharT>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY constexpr auto parse(auto& __parse_ctx)
+      -> decltype(__parse_ctx.begin()) {
+    auto __it = _Base::parse(__parse_ctx);
+
+    switch (this->__type) {
+    case _Flags::_Type::__default:
+      this->__type = _Flags::_Type::__char;
+      [[fallthrough]];
+    case _Flags::_Type::__char:
+      this->__handle_char();
+      break;
+
+    case _Flags::_Type::__binary_lower_case:
+    case _Flags::_Type::__binary_upper_case:
+    case _Flags::_Type::__octal:
+    case _Flags::_Type::__decimal:
+    case _Flags::_Type::__hexadecimal_lower_case:
+    case _Flags::_Type::__hexadecimal_upper_case:
+      this->__handle_integer();
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      __throw_format_error(
+          "The format-spec type has a type not supported for a char argument");
+    }
+
+    return __it;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+using __formatter_char = __formatter_integral<__parser_char<_CharT>>;
+
+} // namespace __format_spec
+
+// [format.formatter.spec]/2.1 The specializations
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FORMAT formatter<char, char>
+    : public __format_spec::__formatter_char<char> {};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FORMAT formatter<char, wchar_t>
+    : public __format_spec::__formatter_char<wchar_t> {
+  using _Base = __format_spec::__formatter_char<wchar_t>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto format(char __value, auto& __ctx)
+      -> decltype(__ctx.out()) {
+    return _Base::format(static_cast<wchar_t>(__value), __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FORMAT
+    formatter<wchar_t, wchar_t>
+    : public __format_spec::__formatter_char<wchar_t> {};
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONCEPTS) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_BUILTIN_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED)
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_H

libcxx/include/format

 #include <__format/format_arg.h>
 #include <__format/format_args.h>
 #include <__format/format_context.h>
 #include <__format/format_error.h>
 #include <__format/format_fwd.h>
 #include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
 #include <__format/format_string.h>
 #include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_char.h>
 #include <__format/formatter_integer.h>
 #include <__format/formatter_string.h>
 #include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
 #include <__variant/monostate.h>
 #include <array>
 #include <concepts>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
make_format_args(const _Args&... __args) {
   return {basic_format_arg<_Context>(__args)...};
 }
 
 template <class... _Args>
 _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __format_arg_store<wformat_context, _Args...>
 make_wformat_args(const _Args&... __args) {
   return make_format_args<wformat_context>(__args...);
 }
-
 namespace __format {
-template <class _Tp, class _CharT>
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_char {
-  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
-  auto parse(auto& __parse_ctx) -> decltype(__parse_ctx.begin()) {
-    // TODO FMT Implement this function.
-    return __parse_ctx.begin();
-  }
-
-  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
-  auto format(_Tp __c, auto& __ctx) -> decltype(__ctx.out()) {
-    // TODO FMT Implement the parsed formatting arguments.
-    auto __out_it = __ctx.out();
-    *__out_it++ = _CharT(__c);
-    return __out_it;
-  }
-};
 
 template <class _Tp, class _CharT>
 requires(is_arithmetic_v<_Tp> &&
          !same_as<_Tp, bool>) struct _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
     __formatter_arithmetic {
   _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
   auto parse(auto& __parse_ctx) -> decltype(__parse_ctx.begin()) {
     // TODO FMT Implement
_LIBCPP_HIDDEN auto __handle_format(_Uv __value, auto& __ctx)
     return __out_it;
   }
 };
 } // namespace __format
 
 // These specializations are helper stubs and not proper formatters.
 // TODO FMT Implement the proper formatter specializations.
 
-// [format.formatter.spec]/2.1 The specializations
-
-template <>
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<char, char>
-    : public __format::__formatter_char<char, char> {};
-
-template <>
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<char, wchar_t>
-    : public __format::__formatter_char<char, wchar_t> {};
-
-template <>
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<wchar_t, wchar_t>
-    : public __format::__formatter_char<wchar_t, wchar_t> {};
-
 // [format.formatter.spec]/2.3
 // For each charT, for each cv-unqualified arithmetic type ArithmeticT other
 // than char, wchar_t, char8_t, char16_t, or char32_t, a specialization
 
 // Boolean.
 template <class _CharT>
 struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<bool, _CharT> {
   _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY

libcxx/include/module.modulemap

module __format {
         export optional
         export locale
       }
       module format_error           { header "__format/format_error.h"           }
       module format_fwd             { private header "__format/format_fwd.h"             }
       module format_parse_context   { header "__format/format_parse_context.h"   }
       module format_string          { private header "__format/format_string.h"          }
       module formatter              { private header "__format/formatter.h"              }
+      module formatter_char         { private header "__format/formatter_char.h"         }
       module formatter_integer      { private header "__format/formatter_integer.h"      }
       module formatter_integral     { private header "__format/formatter_integral.h"     }
       module formatter_string       { private header "__format/formatter_string.h"       }
       module parser_std_format_spec { private header "__format/parser_std_format_spec.h" }
     }
   }
   module forward_list {
     header "forward_list"

libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/tests.inc

#undef CASE
   return result;
 }
 
 void test_char_to_wchar() {
   using CharT = wchar_t;
   test(STR("hello 09azA"), STR("hello {}{}{}{}{}"), '0', '9', 'a', 'z', 'A');
 }
 
+template <class CharT>
+void test_char() {
+
+  // ***** Char type *****
+  // *** align-fill & width ***
+  test(STR("answer is '*     '"), STR("answer is '{:6}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '     *'"), STR("answer is '{:>6}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '*     '"), STR("answer is '{:<6}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '  *   '"), STR("answer is '{:^6}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is '*     '"), STR("answer is '{:6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '     *'"), STR("answer is '{:>6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '*     '"), STR("answer is '{:<6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '  *   '"), STR("answer is '{:^6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is '-----*'"), STR("answer is '{:->6}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '*-----'"), STR("answer is '{:-<6}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '--*---'"), STR("answer is '{:-^6}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is '-----*'"), STR("answer is '{:->6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '*-----'"), STR("answer is '{:-<6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '--*---'"), STR("answer is '{:-^6c}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** Sign ***
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", STR("{:-}"),
+                 CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", STR("{:+}"),
+                 CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", STR("{: }"),
+                 CharT('*'));
+
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", STR("{:-c}"),
+                 CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", STR("{:+c}"),
+                 CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", STR("{: c}"),
+                 CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** alternate form ***
+  test_exception("An alternate form field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 STR("{:#}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("An alternate form field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 STR("{:#c}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** zero-padding ***
+  test_exception("A zero-padding field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 STR("{:0}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("A zero-padding field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 STR("{:0c}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** precision ***
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.0}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.42}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.c}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.0c}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.42c}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** locale-specific form ***
+  // Note it has no effect but it's allowed.
+  test(STR("answer is '*'"), STR("answer is '{:L}'"), '*');
+  test(STR("answer is '*'"), STR("answer is '{:Lc}'"), '*');
+
+  // *** type ***
+  for (const auto& fmt : invalid_types<CharT>("bBcdoxX"))
+    test_exception(
+        "The format-spec type has a type not supported for a char argument",
+        fmt, CharT('*'));
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+void test_char_as_integer() {
+  // *** align-fill & width ***
+  test(STR("answer is '42'"), STR("answer is '{:<1d}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is '42'"), STR("answer is '{:<2d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '42 '"), STR("answer is '{:<3d}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is '     42'"), STR("answer is '{:7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '     42'"), STR("answer is '{:>7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '42     '"), STR("answer is '{:<7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '  42   '"), STR("answer is '{:^7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is '*****42'"), STR("answer is '{:*>7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '42*****'"), STR("answer is '{:*<7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '**42***'"), STR("answer is '{:*^7d}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // Test whether zero padding is ignored
+  test(STR("answer is '     42'"), STR("answer is '{:>07d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '42     '"), STR("answer is '{:<07d}'"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is '  42   '"), STR("answer is '{:^07d}'"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** Sign ***
+  test(STR("answer is 42"), STR("answer is {:d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is 42"), STR("answer is {:-d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +42"), STR("answer is {:+d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is  42"), STR("answer is {: d}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** alternate form ***
+  test(STR("answer is +42"), STR("answer is {:+#d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +101010"), STR("answer is {:+b}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0b101010"), STR("answer is {:+#b}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0B101010"), STR("answer is {:+#B}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +52"), STR("answer is {:+o}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +052"), STR("answer is {:+#o}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +2a"), STR("answer is {:+x}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0x2a"), STR("answer is {:+#x}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +2A"), STR("answer is {:+X}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0X2A"), STR("answer is {:+#X}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** zero-padding & width ***
+  test(STR("answer is +00000000042"), STR("answer is {:+#012d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +00000101010"), STR("answer is {:+012b}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0b000101010"), STR("answer is {:+#012b}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0B000101010"), STR("answer is {:+#012B}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +00000000052"), STR("answer is {:+012o}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +00000000052"), STR("answer is {:+#012o}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0000000002a"), STR("answer is {:+012x}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0x00000002a"), STR("answer is {:+#012x}"), CharT('*'));
+  test(STR("answer is +0000000002A"), STR("answer is {:+012X}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  test(STR("answer is +0X00000002A"), STR("answer is {:+#012X}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** precision ***
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.0d}"), CharT('*'));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 STR("{:.42d}"), CharT('*'));
+
+  // *** locale-specific form ***
+  // See locale-specific_form.pass.cpp
+
+  // *** type ***
+  for (const auto& fmt : invalid_types<CharT>("bBcdoxX"))
+    test_exception(
+        "The format-spec type has a type not supported for a char argument",
+        fmt, '*');
+}
+
 template <class CharT, class T>
 void test_string(T world, T universe) {
 
   // *** Valid input tests ***
   // Unsed argument is ignored. TODO FMT what does the Standard mandate?
   test(STR("hello world"), STR("hello {}"), world, universe);
   test(STR("hello world and universe"), STR("hello {} and {}"), world,
        universe);
void test() {
   test_exception("Argument index out of bounds", STR("hello {0}"));
   test_exception("Argument index out of bounds", STR("hello {1}"), 42);
 
   // *** Test char format argument ***
   // The `char` to `wchar_t` formatting is tested separately.
   test(STR("hello 09azAZ!"), STR("hello {}{}{}{}{}{}{}"), CharT('0'),
        CharT('9'), CharT('a'), CharT('z'), CharT('A'), CharT('Z'), CharT('!'));
 
+  test_char<CharT>();
+  test_char_as_integer<CharT>();
+
   // *** Test string format argument ***
   {
     CharT buffer[] = {CharT('0'), CharT('9'), CharT('a'), CharT('z'),
                       CharT('A'), CharT('Z'), CharT('!'), 0};
     CharT* data = buffer;
     test(STR("hello 09azAZ!"), STR("hello {}"), data);
   }
   {

libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.string/format.string.std/std_format_spec_char.pass.cpp

+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17
+// UNSUPPORTED: libcpp-no-concepts
+
+// Tests libc++ specific implementation details.
+// REQUIRES: libc++
+
+// <format>
+
+// Tests the parsing of the format string as specified in [format.string.std].
+// It validates whether the std-format-spec is valid for a char type.
+
+#include <format>
+#include <cassert>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#include <iostream>
+#endif
+
+#include "concepts_precision.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "make_string.h"
+
+#define CSTR(S) MAKE_CSTRING(CharT, S)
+
+using namespace std::__format_spec;
+
+template <class CharT>
+using parser = __parser_char<CharT>;
+
+#include "test_exception.h" // requires parser
+
+template <class CharT>
+struct Expected {
+  CharT fill;
+  _Flags::_Alignment alignment;
+  _Flags::_Sign sign;
+  bool alternate_form;
+  bool zero_padding;
+  uint32_t width;
+  bool width_as_arg;
+  bool locale_specific_form;
+  _Flags::_Type type;
+};
+
+template <class CharT>
+constexpr void test(Expected<CharT> expected, size_t size,
+                    std::basic_string_view<CharT> fmt) {
+  // Initialize parser with sufficient arguments to avoid the parsing to fail
+  // due to insufficient arguments.
+  std::basic_format_parse_context<CharT> parse_ctx(fmt,
+                                                   std::__format::__number_max);
+  auto begin = parse_ctx.begin();
+  auto end = parse_ctx.end();
+  parser<CharT> parser;
+  auto it = parser.parse(parse_ctx);
+
+  assert(begin == parse_ctx.begin());
+  assert(end == parse_ctx.end());
+
+  assert(begin + size == it);
+  assert(parser.__fill == expected.fill);
+  assert(parser.__alignment == expected.alignment);
+  assert(parser.__sign == expected.sign);
+  assert(parser.__alternate_form == expected.alternate_form);
+  assert(parser.__zero_padding == expected.zero_padding);
+  assert(parser.__width == expected.width);
+  assert(parser.__width_as_arg == expected.width_as_arg);
+  assert(parser.__locale_specific_form == expected.locale_specific_form);
+  assert(parser.__type == expected.type);
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+constexpr void test(Expected<CharT> expected, size_t size, const CharT* f) {
+  // The format-spec is valid if completely consumed or terminates at a '}'.
+  // The valid inputs all end with a '}'. The test is executed twice:
+  // - first with the terminating '}',
+  // - second consuming the entire input.
+  std::basic_string_view<CharT> fmt{f};
+  assert(fmt.back() == CharT('}') && "Pre-condition failure");
+
+  test(expected, size, fmt);
+  fmt.remove_suffix(1);
+  test(expected, size, fmt);
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+constexpr void test_as_char() {
+  // *** Align-fill ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       0, CSTR("}"));
+  test({CharT('-'), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       2, CSTR("-<}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__center, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       1, CSTR("^}"));
+  test({CharT('+'), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       2, CSTR("+>}"));
+
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       1, CSTR("c}"));
+  test({CharT('-'), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       3, CSTR("-<c}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__center, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       2, CSTR("^c}"));
+  test({CharT('+'), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       3, CSTR("+>c}"));
+
+  // *** Sign ***
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", CSTR("-}"));
+  test_exception("A sign field isn't allowed in this format-spec", CSTR("-c}"));
+
+  // *** Alternate form ***
+  test_exception("An alternate form field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 CSTR("#}"));
+  test_exception("An alternate form field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 CSTR("#c}"));
+
+  // *** Zero padding ***
+  test_exception("A zero-padding field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 CSTR("0}"));
+  test_exception("A zero-padding field isn't allowed in this format-spec",
+                 CSTR("0c}"));
+
+  // *** Width ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 1, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       1, CSTR("1}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 42, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       2, CSTR("42}"));
+  static_assert(std::__format::__number_max == 2'147'483'647,
+                "Update the assert and the test.");
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 2'147'483'647, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       10, CSTR("2147483647}"));
+
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 1, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       2, CSTR("1c}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 42, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       3, CSTR("42c}"));
+  static_assert(std::__format::__number_max == 2'147'483'647,
+                "Update the assert and the test.");
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 2'147'483'647, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       11, CSTR("2147483647c}"));
+
+  // *** Precision ***
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 CSTR("."));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 CSTR(".1"));
+
+  // *** Locale-specific form ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, true, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       1, CSTR("L}"));
+
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, true, _Flags::_Type::__char},
+       2, CSTR("Lc}"));
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+constexpr void test_as_integer() {
+
+  // *** Align-fill ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       1, CSTR("d}"));
+  test({CharT('-'), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       3, CSTR("-<d}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__center, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("^d}"));
+  test({CharT('+'), _Flags::_Alignment::__left, _Flags::_Sign::__default, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       3, CSTR("+<d}"));
+
+  // *** Sign ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__minus, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("-d}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__plus, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("+d}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__space, false,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR(" d}"));
+
+  // *** Alternate form ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default, true,
+        false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("#d}"));
+
+  // *** Zero padding ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__default, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, true, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("0d}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__center, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       3, CSTR("^0d}"));
+
+  // *** Width ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 1, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("1d}"));
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 42, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       3, CSTR("42d}"));
+  static_assert(std::__format::__number_max == 2'147'483'647,
+                "Update the assert and the test.");
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 2'147'483'647, false, false, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       11, CSTR("2147483647d}"));
+
+  // *** Precision ***
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 CSTR("."));
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 CSTR(".1"));
+
+  // *** Locale-specific form ***
+  test({CharT(' '), _Flags::_Alignment::__right, _Flags::_Sign::__default,
+        false, false, 0, false, true, _Flags::_Type::__decimal},
+       2, CSTR("Ld}"));
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+constexpr void test() {
+  parser<CharT> parser;
+
+  assert(parser.__fill == CharT(' '));
+  assert(parser.__alignment == _Flags::_Alignment::__default);
+  assert(parser.__sign == _Flags::_Sign::__default);
+  assert(parser.__alternate_form == false);
+  assert(parser.__zero_padding == false);
+  assert(parser.__width == 0);
+  assert(parser.__width_as_arg == false);
+  static_assert(!has_precision<decltype(parser)>);
+  static_assert(!has_precision_as_arg<decltype(parser)>);
+  assert(parser.__locale_specific_form == false);
+  assert(parser.__type == _Flags::_Type::__default);
+
+  test_as_char<CharT>();
+  test_as_integer<CharT>();
+
+  // *** Type ***
+  {
+    const char* expected =
+        "The format-spec type has a type not supported for a char argument";
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("A}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("E}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("F}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("G}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("a}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("e}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("f}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("g}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("p}"));
+    test_exception(expected, CSTR("s}"));
+  }
+
+  // **** General ***
+  test_exception("The format-spec should consume the input or end with a '}'",
+                 CSTR("ss"));
+}
+
+constexpr bool test() {
+  test<char>();
+  test<wchar_t>();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  // Make sure the parsers match the expectations. The layout of the
+  // subobjects is chosen to minimize the size required.
+  static_assert(sizeof(parser<char>) == 2 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+  static_assert(
+      sizeof(parser<wchar_t>) ==
+      (sizeof(wchar_t) <= 2 ? 2 * sizeof(uint32_t) : 3 * sizeof(uint32_t)));
+#endif
+
+  test();
+  static_assert(test());
+
+  return 0;
+}