Apparently nobody has tried this in months of development. It turns
out that FunctionDecl::getBuiltinID will never consider a function
to be a builtin if it is in C++ and not extern "C". So none of the
function declarations in <arm_mve.h> are recognized as builtins when
clang is compiling in C++ mode: it just emits calls to them as
ordinary functions, which then turn out not to exist at link time.
The trivial fix is to wrap most of arm_mve.h in an extern "C".
Added a test in clang/test/CodeGen/arm-mve-intrinsics which checks
basic functioning of the MVE header file in C++ mode. I've filled it
with copies of existing test functions from other files in that
directory, including a few moderately tricky cases of overloading (in
particular one that relies on the strict-polymorphism attribute added
in D72518).
(I considered making every test in that directory compile in both
C and C++ mode and check the code generation was identical. But I
think that would increase testing time by more than the value it adds,
and also update_cc_test_checks gets confused when the output function
name varies between RUN lines.)