Even in the case of the input file is a preprocessed source, clang uses the file name of the preprocesses source for debug info (DW_AT_name attribute for DW_TAG_compile_unit). However, gcc uses the file name specified in the first linemarker instead. This makes more sense because the one specified in the linemarker represents the "actual" source file name.
Clang already uses the file name specified in the first linemarker for Module name (https://github.com/llvm-mirror/clang/blob/master/lib/Frontend/FrontendAction.cpp#L779) if the input is preprocessed. This patch makes clang to use the same value for debug info as well.
Should probably be a bit more specific in the check - verifying that the DICompileUnit's DIFile is the one you're checking here. (not that there's any other DI* that would have a DIFile here, but still)