Port InstrProfiling pass to new pass manager

[davidxl]

Summary

When creating the InstrProfiling pass, clang needs to pass the some options to the pass (such as profile output path, etc). There does not seem to be a good way to do that with the new pass manager. Please advise.

[chandlerc]

See below for how to thread options into a pass with the new pass manager. Note that the passes library that will replace the pass manager builder in the new pass manager may not have the same set of hooks that Clang is using, so there may need to be some new APIs introduced to make this fully functional, but that can be done in follow-up patches.

include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h

99 ↗

(On Diff #50533)

typo: loewring -> lowering

Since you're lifting this into a header, it'd be good to provide some more expansive comments.

lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def

43 ↗

(On Diff #50533)

Keep this list sorted?

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34–37 ↗

(On Diff #50533)

Why not make this the actual new pass manager class? That's how most of the passes with stat work. You can see SROA and recently GVN for examples (admitedly a bit more complex).

This will also show the most basic part of how to parameterize it - the constructors here are exactly what you want to be able to construct this pass out of specific options.

[davidxl]

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34–37 ↗

(On Diff #50533)

This can be done -- but it will adds lots of overhead in the new pass manager class itself as this class keeps track of the state that only needed when the pass is actually run. Of course InstrProfOptions need to be part of the pass.

[davidxl]

Addressed Chandler's review feedbacks.

[davidxl]

Ping ..

[chandlerc]

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34–38 ↗

(On Diff #50554)

If you want to create a per-run class that holds the state for each run, that's fine, but I think it would be better done as a separate change.

With the legacy pass manager the state for a single run is already kept inside the pass object and cleared between runs. My suggestion is to start off without changing that design, and if there is a desire to change it, do so as a follow-up change because they are two orthogonal aspects of the design.

[davidxl]

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34–38 ↗

(On Diff #50554)

If you insists this as a separate change, I can do it.

What you said about legacy pass manager is true, but the difference is that with new pass manager, I need to pull lots of implementation details into the common header file which should be avoided. I am not sure about the implication on the design you mentioned here.

[davidxl]

Make InstrProfiling part of the new pass class.

[davidxl]

ping ..

[chandlerc]

include/llvm/InitializePasses.h

118–126 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

Please don't introduce lots of unrelated formatting changes.

include/llvm/LinkAllPasses.h

85–93 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

Here too.

include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h

101 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

I wouldn't put all of this into the common Instrumentation.h file. Instead, like with all the other pass ports, please add a header for this specific pass. That may also help address your concerns with the design.

174–177 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

My suggestion was not to keep these separate, but to actually have a single class which *is* the new pass manager pass, and can be embedded (like InstrProfiling) inside the legacy pass...

lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def

41 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

Pretty sure this should be before "invalidate"?

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

This isn't a wrapper pass. Those are passes that wrap an analysis result. This is just a transformation pass.

[davidxl]

include/llvm/InitializePasses.h

118–126 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

hmm, it seems clang-format did that for me.

include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h

101 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

probably only partially address my concern -- there will still be more extra dependency created.

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

ok.

[silvas]

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34 ↗

(On Diff #51940)

Do we have this documented anywhere? I feel like I would have made the same mistake.

[davidxl]

Addressed Chandler's review comments.

Note that the creator API name for the legacy pass remains unchanged -- this is to avoid updating Clang. If changing the name is preferred (i.e. adding 'Legacy' in it), it will be done as a follow up.

[davidxl]

Ping ..

[chandlerc]

LGTM with a minor tweak below. Mostly answer questions below.

include/llvm/Transforms/InstrProfiling.h

27 ↗

(On Diff #53162)

Probably should be 'class' instead of 'struct' at this point.

38 ↗

(On Diff #53162)

Not relevant for this patch, but the use of a typedef struct is really odd in C++ and should be unnecessary. It'd be good to clean this up.

lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

34–36 ↗

(On Diff #53162)

No, its just come up in code reviews and examples.

I can try to write some documentation around this.

34–49 ↗

(On Diff #53162)

This does force the pass's basic implementation to be in a header, but this usually shouldn't be that big of a deal. If there are really serious issues, the standard techniques for separating it back into a source file can be used. But generally, C++ classes should live in headers and have proper interfaces.

Consider how useful it can be to have these have proper interfaces in header files if you ever want to unit test a pass to exercise behavior not easily reproduced or observed in a full integration test. We've had several places already where the new pass manager interfaces allowed us to test code that would otherwise have been extremely challenging.

[chandlerc]

In D18126#396423, @davidxl wrote:

Addressed Chandler's review comments.

Note that the creator API name for the legacy pass remains unchanged -- this is to avoid updating Clang. If changing the name is preferred (i.e. adding 'Legacy' in it), it will be done as a follow up.

Forgot to address this: please feel free to update the API name in this patch, and immediately land a patch to Clang that follows that API update. We routinely do cross-LLVM-project API updates. Just make sure you find the users in Clang or Polly or wherever. It can be very helpful to build and test the updates ahead of time so you can land the patches back to back with a very short delay. The build bots try to wait a few seconds to pick up patches landed in this fashion and avoid spurious failures.

[davidxl]

Addressed Chandler's review feedback.

llvm/trunk/include/llvm/InitializePasses.h

 void initializeDominatorTreeWrapperPassPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeEarlyIfConverterPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeEdgeBundlesPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeExpandPostRAPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeAAResultsWrapperPassPass(PassRegistry &);
 void initializeGCOVProfilerPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializePGOInstrumentationGenPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializePGOInstrumentationUsePass(PassRegistry&);
-void initializeInstrProfilingPass(PassRegistry&);
+void initializeInstrProfilingLegacyPassPass(PassRegistry &);
 void initializeAddressSanitizerPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeAddressSanitizerModulePass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeMemorySanitizerPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeThreadSanitizerPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeSanitizerCoverageModulePass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDataFlowSanitizerPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeScalarizerPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeEarlyCSELegacyPassPass(PassRegistry &);

llvm/trunk/include/llvm/LinkAllPasses.h

ForcePassLinking() {
       (void) llvm::createDivergenceAnalysisPass();
       (void) llvm::createDomOnlyPrinterPass();
       (void) llvm::createDomPrinterPass();
       (void) llvm::createDomOnlyViewerPass();
       (void) llvm::createDomViewerPass();
       (void) llvm::createGCOVProfilerPass();
       (void) llvm::createPGOInstrumentationGenPass();
       (void) llvm::createPGOInstrumentationUsePass();
-      (void) llvm::createInstrProfilingPass();
+      (void) llvm::createInstrProfilingLegacyPass();
       (void) llvm::createFunctionImportPass();
       (void) llvm::createFunctionInliningPass();
       (void) llvm::createAlwaysInlinerPass();
       (void) llvm::createGlobalDCEPass();
       (void) llvm::createGlobalOptimizerPass();
       (void) llvm::createGlobalsAAWrapperPass();
       (void) llvm::createIPConstantPropagationPass();
       (void) llvm::createIPSCCPPass();

llvm/trunk/include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h

struct InstrProfOptions {
   // Add the 'noredzone' attribute to added runtime library calls.
   bool NoRedZone;
 
   // Name of the profile file to use as output
   std::string InstrProfileOutput;
 };
 
 /// Insert frontend instrumentation based profiling.
-ModulePass *createInstrProfilingPass(
+ModulePass *createInstrProfilingLegacyPass(
     const InstrProfOptions &Options = InstrProfOptions());
 
 // Insert AddressSanitizer (address sanity checking) instrumentation
 FunctionPass *createAddressSanitizerFunctionPass(bool CompileKernel = false,
                                                  bool Recover = false);
 ModulePass *createAddressSanitizerModulePass(bool CompileKernel = false,
                                              bool Recover = false);
 

llvm/trunk/lib/Passes/PassBuilder.cpp

 #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/Regex.h"
 #include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/ForceFunctionAttrs.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/FunctionAttrs.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/InferFunctionAttrs.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/StripDeadPrototypes.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/InstCombine/InstCombine.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/InstrProfiling.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/ADCE.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/EarlyCSE.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/LowerExpectIntrinsic.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/GVN.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/SROA.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/SimplifyCFG.h"
 #include <type_traits>
 

llvm/trunk/lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def

 #undef MODULE_ALIAS_ANALYSIS
 #undef MODULE_ANALYSIS
 
 #ifndef MODULE_PASS
 #define MODULE_PASS(NAME, CREATE_PASS)
 #endif
 MODULE_PASS("forceattrs", ForceFunctionAttrsPass())
 MODULE_PASS("inferattrs", InferFunctionAttrsPass())
+MODULE_PASS("instrprof", InstrProfiling())
 MODULE_PASS("invalidate<all>", InvalidateAllAnalysesPass())
 MODULE_PASS("no-op-module", NoOpModulePass())
 MODULE_PASS("print", PrintModulePass(dbgs()))
 MODULE_PASS("print-callgraph", CallGraphPrinterPass(dbgs()))
 MODULE_PASS("print-lcg", LazyCallGraphPrinterPass(dbgs()))
 MODULE_PASS("strip-dead-prototypes", StripDeadPrototypesPass())
 MODULE_PASS("verify", VerifierPass())
 #undef MODULE_PASS

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/IPO/PassManagerBuilder.cpp

 
 // Do PGO instrumentation generation or use pass as the option specified.
 void PassManagerBuilder::addPGOInstrPasses(legacy::PassManagerBase &MPM) {
   if (!PGOInstrGen.empty()) {
     MPM.add(createPGOInstrumentationGenPass());
     // Add the profile lowering pass.
     InstrProfOptions Options;
     Options.InstrProfileOutput = PGOInstrGen;
-    MPM.add(createInstrProfilingPass(Options));
+    MPM.add(createInstrProfilingLegacyPass(Options));
   }
   if (!PGOInstrUse.empty())
     MPM.add(createPGOInstrumentationUsePass(PGOInstrUse));
 }
 void PassManagerBuilder::addFunctionSimplificationPasses(
     legacy::PassManagerBase &MPM) {
   // Start of function pass.
   // Break up aggregate allocas, using SSAUpdater.

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling.cpp

 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/Triple.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
 #include "llvm/ProfileData/InstrProf.h"
-#include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/InstrProfiling.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h"
 
 using namespace llvm;
 
 #define DEBUG_TYPE "instrprof"
 
 namespace {
 
 cl::opt<bool> DoNameCompression("enable-name-compression",
                                 cl::desc("Enable name string compression"),
                                 cl::init(true));
 
-class InstrProfiling : public ModulePass {
+class InstrProfilingLegacyPass : public ModulePass {
+  InstrProfiling InstrProf;
+
 public:
   static char ID;
-
-  InstrProfiling() : ModulePass(ID) {}
-
-  InstrProfiling(const InstrProfOptions &Options)
-      : ModulePass(ID), Options(Options) {}
-
+  InstrProfilingLegacyPass() : ModulePass(ID), InstrProf() {}
+  InstrProfilingLegacyPass(const InstrProfOptions &Options)
+      : ModulePass(ID), InstrProf(Options) {}
   const char *getPassName() const override {
     return "Frontend instrumentation-based coverage lowering";
   }
 
-  bool runOnModule(Module &M) override;
+  bool runOnModule(Module &M) override { return InstrProf.run(M); }
 
   void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
     AU.setPreservesCFG();
   }
+};
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+PreservedAnalyses InstrProfiling::run(Module &M, AnalysisManager<Module> &AM) {
+  if (!run(M))
+    return PreservedAnalyses::all();
+
+  return PreservedAnalyses::none();
+}
+
+char InstrProfilingLegacyPass::ID = 0;
+INITIALIZE_PASS(InstrProfilingLegacyPass, "instrprof",
+                "Frontend instrumentation-based coverage lowering.", false,
+                false)
 
-private:
-  InstrProfOptions Options;
-  Module *M;
-  typedef struct PerFunctionProfileData {
-    uint32_t NumValueSites[IPVK_Last+1];
-    GlobalVariable* RegionCounters;
-    GlobalVariable* DataVar;
-    PerFunctionProfileData() : RegionCounters(nullptr), DataVar(nullptr) {
-      memset(NumValueSites, 0, sizeof(uint32_t) * (IPVK_Last+1));
-    }
-  } PerFunctionProfileData;
-  DenseMap<GlobalVariable *, PerFunctionProfileData> ProfileDataMap;
-  std::vector<Value *> UsedVars;
-  std::vector<GlobalVariable *> ReferencedNames;
-  GlobalVariable *NamesVar;
-  size_t NamesSize;
+ModulePass *llvm::createInstrProfilingLegacyPass(const InstrProfOptions &Options) {
+  return new InstrProfilingLegacyPass(Options);
+}
 
-  bool isMachO() const {
-    return Triple(M->getTargetTriple()).isOSBinFormatMachO();
-  }
+bool InstrProfiling::isMachO() const {
 
-  /// Get the section name for the counter variables.
-  StringRef getCountersSection() const {
-    return getInstrProfCountersSectionName(isMachO());
-  }
+StringRef InstrProfiling::getCountersSection() const {
 
-  /// Get the section name for the name variables.
-  StringRef getNameSection() const {
-    return getInstrProfNameSectionName(isMachO());
-  }
+StringRef InstrProfiling::getNameSection() const {
 
-  /// Get the section name for the profile data variables.
-  StringRef getDataSection() const {
-    return getInstrProfDataSectionName(isMachO());
-  }
+StringRef InstrProfiling::getDataSection() const {
 
-  /// Get the section name for the coverage mapping data.
-  StringRef getCoverageSection() const {
-    return getInstrProfCoverageSectionName(isMachO());
-  }
+StringRef InstrProfiling::getCoverageSection() const {
 
-  /// Count the number of instrumented value sites for the function.
-  void computeNumValueSiteCounts(InstrProfValueProfileInst *Ins);
-
-  /// Replace instrprof_value_profile with a call to runtime library.
-  void lowerValueProfileInst(InstrProfValueProfileInst *Ins);
-
-  /// Replace instrprof_increment with an increment of the appropriate value.
-  void lowerIncrement(InstrProfIncrementInst *Inc);
-
-  /// Force emitting of name vars for unused functions.
-  void lowerCoverageData(GlobalVariable *CoverageNamesVar);
-
-  /// Get the region counters for an increment, creating them if necessary.
-  ///
-  /// If the counter array doesn't yet exist, the profile data variables
-  /// referring to them will also be created.
-  GlobalVariable *getOrCreateRegionCounters(InstrProfIncrementInst *Inc);
-
-  /// Emit the section with compressed function names.
-  void emitNameData();
-
-  /// Emit runtime registration functions for each profile data variable.
-  void emitRegistration();
-
-  /// Emit the necessary plumbing to pull in the runtime initialization.
-  void emitRuntimeHook();
-
-  /// Add uses of our data variables and runtime hook.
-  void emitUses();
-
-  /// Create a static initializer for our data, on platforms that need it,
-  /// and for any profile output file that was specified.
-  void emitInitialization();
-};
-
-} // anonymous namespace
-
-char InstrProfiling::ID = 0;
-INITIALIZE_PASS(InstrProfiling, "instrprof",
-                "Frontend instrumentation-based coverage lowering.", false,
-                false)
-
-ModulePass *llvm::createInstrProfilingPass(const InstrProfOptions &Options) {
-  return new InstrProfiling(Options);
-}
-
-bool InstrProfiling::runOnModule(Module &M) {
+bool InstrProfiling::run(Module &M) {
   bool MadeChange = false;
 
   this->M = &M;
   NamesVar = nullptr;
   NamesSize = 0;
   ProfileDataMap.clear();
   UsedVars.clear();
 

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/Instrumentation.cpp

 /// library.
 void llvm::initializeInstrumentation(PassRegistry &Registry) {
   initializeAddressSanitizerPass(Registry);
   initializeAddressSanitizerModulePass(Registry);
   initializeBoundsCheckingPass(Registry);
   initializeGCOVProfilerPass(Registry);
   initializePGOInstrumentationGenPass(Registry);
   initializePGOInstrumentationUsePass(Registry);
-  initializeInstrProfilingPass(Registry);
+  initializeInstrProfilingLegacyPassPass(Registry);
   initializeMemorySanitizerPass(Registry);
   initializeThreadSanitizerPass(Registry);
   initializeSanitizerCoverageModulePass(Registry);
   initializeDataFlowSanitizerPass(Registry);
 }
 
 /// LLVMInitializeInstrumentation - C binding for
 /// initializeInstrumentation.
 void LLVMInitializeInstrumentation(LLVMPassRegistryRef R) {
   initializeInstrumentation(*unwrap(R));
 }

llvm/trunk/test/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/PR23499.ll

 ;; Check that PGO instrumented variables associated with linkonce odr
 ;; functions are placed in the same comdat section.
 
 
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-apple-macosx10.10.0 -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-linux -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
+; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-linux -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-pc-win32-coff -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=COFF
 
 $_Z3barIvEvv = comdat any
 
 @__profn__Z3barIvEvv = linkonce_odr hidden constant [11 x i8] c"_Z3barIvEvv", align 1
 
 ; CHECK: @__profn__Z3barIvEvv = private constant [11 x i8] c"_Z3barIvEvv", align 1
 ; CHECK: @__profc__Z3barIvEvv = linkonce_odr hidden global [1 x i64] zeroinitializer, section "{{.*}}__llvm_prf_cnts", comdat($__profv__Z3barIvEvv), align 8

llvm/trunk/test/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/linkage.ll

 ;; Check that runtime symbols get appropriate linkage.
 
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-apple-macosx10.10.0 -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=OTHER --check-prefix=COMMON
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-linux -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=LINUX --check-prefix=COMMON
+; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-apple-macosx10.10.0 -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=OTHER --check-prefix=COMMON
+; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-linux -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=LINUX --check-prefix=COMMON
 
 @__profn_foo = hidden constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 @__profn_foo_weak = weak hidden constant [8 x i8] c"foo_weak"
 @"__profn_linkage.ll:foo_internal" = internal constant [23 x i8] c"linkage.ll:foo_internal"
 @__profn_foo_inline = linkonce_odr hidden constant [10 x i8] c"foo_inline"
 @__profn_foo_extern = linkonce_odr hidden constant [10 x i8] c"foo_extern"
 
 ; COMMON: @__profc_foo = hidden global

llvm/trunk/test/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/no-counters.ll

 ;; No instrumentation should be emitted if there are no counter increments.
 
 ; RUN: opt < %s -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
+; RUN: opt < %s -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
 ; CHECK-NOT: @__profc
 ; CHECK-NOT: @__profd
 ; CHECK-NOT: @__llvm_profile_runtime
 
 define void @foo() {
   ret void
 }

llvm/trunk/test/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/noruntime.ll

 ;; Check that we don't emit the runtime hooks if the user provided them.
 
 ; RUN: opt < %s -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
+; RUN: opt < %s -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
 ; CHECK-NOT: define {{.*}} @__llvm_profile_runtime_user()
 ; CHECK-NOT: load i32, i32* @__llvm_profile_runtime
 
 @__llvm_profile_runtime = global i32 0, align 4
 
 @__profn_foo = hidden constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 
 define void @foo() {
   call void @llvm.instrprof.increment(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([3 x i8], [3 x i8]* @__profn_foo, i32 0, i32 0), i64 0, i32 1, i32 0)
   ret void
 }
 
 declare void @llvm.instrprof.increment(i8*, i64, i32, i32)

llvm/trunk/test/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/platform.ll

 ;; Checks for platform specific section names and initialization code.
 
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-apple-macosx10.10.0 -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s -check-prefix=MACHO
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-linux -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s -check-prefix=LINUX
+; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-linux -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s -check-prefix=LINUX
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-unknown-freebsd -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s -check-prefix=FREEBSD
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-scei-ps4 -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s -check-prefix=PS4
 ; RUN: opt < %s -mtriple=x86_64-pc-solaris -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s -check-prefix=SOLARIS
 
 @__profn_foo = hidden constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 ; MACHO: @__profn_foo = private constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 ; ELF: @__profn_foo = private constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 

llvm/trunk/test/Instrumentation/InstrProfiling/profiling.ll

 ; RUN: opt < %s -instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
+; RUN: opt < %s -passes=instrprof -S | FileCheck %s
 
 target triple = "x86_64-apple-macosx10.10.0"
 
 @__profn_foo = hidden constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 ; CHECK: @__profn_foo = private constant [3 x i8] c"foo"
 @__profn_bar = hidden constant [4 x i8] c"bar\00"
 ; CHECK: @__profn_bar = private constant [4 x i8] c"bar\00"
 @__profn_baz = hidden constant [3 x i8] c"baz"