Reject stripped binaries as a policy.
The core issue with stripped binaries is that we can't detect the presence
of split functions which require extra handling. Therefore BOLT can't ensure
functional correctness of produced binary if the input stripped binary contains
split functions. Supporting such cases is an interesting problem but it goes
against BOLT's intended goal of achieving peak program performance.
Since we are existing without generating the output, this should be an abnormal behavior and hence we should issue an error.