Newer SDKs don't even provide libstdc++ headers, so it's effectively
never valid to build for libstdc++ unless the user explicitly asks
for it (in which case they will need to provide include paths and more).
This is a re-application of c5ccb78ade81 which had been reverted in
33171df9cc7f because it broke the Fuchsia CI bots. The issue was that
the test was XPASSing because it didn't fail anymore when the
CLANG_DEFAULT_CXX_LIB was set to libc++, which seems to be done for
Fuchsia. Instead, the test only fails if CLANG_DEFAULT_CXX_LIB is
set to libstdc++.