[XRay][compiler-rt] Avoid InternalAlloc(...) in Profiling Mode

[dberris]

Summary

We avoid using dynamic memory allocated with the internal allocator in
the profile collection service used by profiling mode. We use aligned
storage for globals and in-struct storage of objects we dynamically
initialize.

We also remove the dependency on Vector<...> which also internally
uses the dynamic allocator in sanitizer_common (InternalAlloc) in favour
of the XRay allocator and segmented array implementation.

This change addresses llvm.org/PR38577.

[dberris]

Remove dependency on Vector<...> as well.

[dberris]

Update to add correct includes for Array<...> and Allocator<...>.

[eizan]

I'm trying to understand the memory allocation/deallocation dynamics of this module. It looks like all of the Array<...> objects only have their memory allocation increase because the XRay segmented array doesn't support having its allocation shrink. However, the memory buffers that each cell in ProfileBuffers point to do get deallocated inside serialize(). Is this correct? Why are these buffers special that they should be deallocated rather than kept around for reuse later like all the other memory?

compiler-rt/lib/xray/xray_profile_collector.cc

64

Do you mean dynamic memory allocation? Why does alignment affect whether it's done?

84

fd argument should be set to -1

216

suggest keeping the comments, as this one went away, but the "then repopulate..." stayed.

[dberris]

Address comments by eizan@.

[dberris]

In D50782#1202318, @eizan wrote:

I'm trying to understand the memory allocation/deallocation dynamics of this module. It looks like all of the Array<...> objects only have their memory allocation increase because the XRay segmented array doesn't support having its allocation shrink.

The Array<...> objects only grow, yes, but we're able to trim them and re-use the memory that's in the internal freelist for the array segments.

However, the memory buffers that each cell in ProfileBuffers point to do get deallocated inside serialize(). Is this correct? Why are these buffers special that they should be deallocated rather than kept around for reuse later like all the other memory?

The actual buffers are obtained through mmap, and they are not fixed-size -- the size of the buffers are dependent on how large the serialised version of the function call tries will be. We can't re-use these buffers across multiple profile collection sessions. The ProfileBuffers array hosts structs that are fixed-size (it's a pointer and a size).

Note that in the reset() function, we destroy the allocators and re-initilize them (through placement new). The static storage for the allocators and the arrays get effectively re-used, without having to reach for memory from the heap (all of the storage for the Array<...> instances will be obtained through the Allocator<...> instances). If you look at Allocator<...>, the destructor will return the memory to the system as well.

compiler-rt/lib/xray/xray_profile_collector.cc

64

I meant dynamic initialisation. The alignment is important so that the pointers we get when we reinterpret-cast will be of the expected alignment for an object of an appropriate size. We need that to make the placement new calls have well-defined semantics (and the pointer is appropriately aligned).

We need this to be global program-duration (static) storage only, because we want to avoid relying on C++ ABI functions for registering dynamic initialisation and de-initialisation (constructor and destructor) routines.

[eizan]

In D50782#1202492, @dberris wrote:

In D50782#1202318, @eizan wrote:

I'm trying to understand the memory allocation/deallocation dynamics of this module. It looks like all of the Array<...> objects only have their memory allocation increase because the XRay segmented array doesn't support having its allocation shrink.

The Array<...> objects only grow, yes, but we're able to trim them and re-use the memory that's in the internal freelist for the array segments.

However, the memory buffers that each cell in ProfileBuffers point to do get deallocated inside serialize(). Is this correct? Why are these buffers special that they should be deallocated rather than kept around for reuse later like all the other memory?

The actual buffers are obtained through mmap, and they are not fixed-size -- the size of the buffers are dependent on how large the serialised version of the function call tries will be. We can't re-use these buffers across multiple profile collection sessions. The ProfileBuffers array hosts structs that are fixed-size (it's a pointer and a size).

Note that in the reset() function, we destroy the allocators and re-initilize them (through placement new). The static storage for the allocators and the arrays get effectively re-used, without having to reach for memory from the heap (all of the storage for the Array<...> instances will be obtained through the Allocator<...> instances). If you look at Allocator<...>, the destructor will return the memory to the system as well.

When/how often does serialize() get called during runtime? Should we be worried about making a number of munmap/mmap system calls while the task being profiled is running?

[dberris]

In D50782#1203533, @eizan wrote:

In D50782#1202492, @dberris wrote:

In D50782#1202318, @eizan wrote:

I'm trying to understand the memory allocation/deallocation dynamics of this module. It looks like all of the Array<...> objects only have their memory allocation increase because the XRay segmented array doesn't support having its allocation shrink.

The Array<...> objects only grow, yes, but we're able to trim them and re-use the memory that's in the internal freelist for the array segments.

However, the memory buffers that each cell in ProfileBuffers point to do get deallocated inside serialize(). Is this correct? Why are these buffers special that they should be deallocated rather than kept around for reuse later like all the other memory?

The actual buffers are obtained through mmap, and they are not fixed-size -- the size of the buffers are dependent on how large the serialised version of the function call tries will be. We can't re-use these buffers across multiple profile collection sessions. The ProfileBuffers array hosts structs that are fixed-size (it's a pointer and a size).

Note that in the reset() function, we destroy the allocators and re-initilize them (through placement new). The static storage for the allocators and the arrays get effectively re-used, without having to reach for memory from the heap (all of the storage for the Array<...> instances will be obtained through the Allocator<...> instances). If you look at Allocator<...>, the destructor will return the memory to the system as well.

When/how often does serialize() get called during runtime? Should we be worried about making a number of munmap/mmap system calls while the task being profiled is running?

This is controlled by calls to __xray_log_finalize(...), which is only happens on-demand and when the process is shutting down. I have no reason to believe that making a number of mmap/munmap syscalls as part of the normal course of serializing profiles to be a huge concern because they're not in the critical path.

compiler-rt/lib/xray/xray_profile_collector.cc

 //===-- xray_profile_collector.cc ------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
 //
 //                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
 //
 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // This file is a part of XRay, a dynamic runtime instrumentation system.
 //
 // This implements the interface for the profileCollectorService.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 #include "xray_profile_collector.h"
-#include "sanitizer_common/sanitizer_allocator_internal.h"
 #include "sanitizer_common/sanitizer_common.h"
-#include "sanitizer_common/sanitizer_vector.h"
+#include "xray_allocator.h"
 #include "xray_profiling_flags.h"
+#include "xray_segmented_array.h"
 #include <memory>
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace __xray {
 namespace profileCollectorService {
 
 namespace {
 
 SpinMutex GlobalMutex;
 struct ThreadTrie {
   tid_t TId;
-  FunctionCallTrie *Trie;
+  typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(FunctionCallTrie)>::type TrieStorage;
 };
 
 struct ProfileBuffer {
   void *Data;
   size_t Size;
 };
 
 // Current version of the profile format.

 };
 
 struct BlockHeader {
   u32 BlockSize;
   u32 BlockNum;
   u64 ThreadId;
 };
 
-// These need to be pointers that point to heap/internal-allocator-allocated
-// objects because these are accessed even at program exit.
-Vector<ThreadTrie> *ThreadTries = nullptr;
-Vector<ProfileBuffer> *ProfileBuffers = nullptr;
-FunctionCallTrie::Allocators *GlobalAllocators = nullptr;
+using ThreadTriesArray = Array<ThreadTrie>;
+using ProfileBufferArray = Array<ProfileBuffer>;
+using ThreadTriesArrayAllocator = typename ThreadTriesArray::AllocatorType;
+using ProfileBufferArrayAllocator = typename ProfileBufferArray::AllocatorType;
+
+// These need to be global aligned storage to avoid dynamic memory.
+static typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(FunctionCallTrie::Allocators)>::type
+    AllocatorStorage;
+static typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(ThreadTriesArray)>::type
+    ThreadTriesStorage;
+static typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(ProfileBufferArray)>::type
+    ProfileBuffersStorage;
+static typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(ThreadTriesArrayAllocator)>::type
+    ThreadTriesArrayAllocatorStorage;
+static typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(ProfileBufferArrayAllocator)>::type
+    ProfileBufferArrayAllocatorStorage;
+
+static ThreadTriesArray *ThreadTries = nullptr;
+static ThreadTriesArrayAllocator *ThreadTriesAllocator = nullptr;
+static ProfileBufferArray *ProfileBuffers = nullptr;
+static ProfileBufferArrayAllocator *ProfileBuffersAllocator = nullptr;
+static FunctionCallTrie::Allocators *GlobalAllocators = nullptr;
+
+static void *allocateBuffer(size_t S) {
+  auto B = reinterpret_cast<void *>(internal_mmap(
+      NULL, S, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, 0, 0));
+  if (B == MAP_FAILED) {
+    if (Verbosity())
+      Report("XRay Profiling: Failed to allocate memory of size %d.\n", S);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return B;
+}
+
+static void deallocateBuffer(void *B, size_t S) {
+  if (B == nullptr)
+    return;
+  internal_munmap(B, S);
+}
 
 } // namespace
 
 void post(const FunctionCallTrie &T, tid_t TId) {
   static pthread_once_t Once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
-  pthread_once(&Once, +[] {
-    SpinMutexLock Lock(&GlobalMutex);
-    GlobalAllocators = reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie::Allocators *>(
-        InternalAlloc(sizeof(FunctionCallTrie::Allocators)));
-    new (GlobalAllocators) FunctionCallTrie::Allocators();
-    *GlobalAllocators = FunctionCallTrie::InitAllocatorsCustom(
-        profilingFlags()->global_allocator_max);
-    ThreadTries = reinterpret_cast<Vector<ThreadTrie> *>(
-        InternalAlloc(sizeof(Vector<ThreadTrie>)));
-    new (ThreadTries) Vector<ThreadTrie>();
-    ProfileBuffers = reinterpret_cast<Vector<ProfileBuffer> *>(
-        InternalAlloc(sizeof(Vector<ProfileBuffer>)));
-    new (ProfileBuffers) Vector<ProfileBuffer>();
-  });
-  DCHECK_NE(GlobalAllocators, nullptr);
-  DCHECK_NE(ThreadTries, nullptr);
-  DCHECK_NE(ProfileBuffers, nullptr);
+  pthread_once(&Once, +[] { reset(); });
 
   ThreadTrie *Item = nullptr;
   {
     SpinMutexLock Lock(&GlobalMutex);
-    if (GlobalAllocators == nullptr)
+    if (GlobalAllocators == nullptr || ThreadTries == nullptr)
       return;
 
-    Item = ThreadTries->PushBack();
+    Item = ThreadTries->Append({});
     Item->TId = TId;
-
-    // Here we're using the internal allocator instead of the managed allocator
-    // because:
-    //
-    // 1) We're not using the segmented array data structure to host
-    //    FunctionCallTrie objects. We're using a Vector (from sanitizer_common)
-    //    which works like a std::vector<...> keeping elements contiguous in
-    //    memory. The segmented array data structure assumes that elements are
-    //    trivially destructible, where FunctionCallTrie isn't.
-    //
-    // 2) Using a managed allocator means we need to manage that separately,
-    //    which complicates the nature of this code. To get around that, we're
-    //    using the internal allocator instead, which has its own global state
-    //    and is decoupled from the lifetime management required by the managed
-    //    allocator we have in XRay.
-    //
-    Item->Trie = reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie *>(InternalAlloc(
-        sizeof(FunctionCallTrie), nullptr, alignof(FunctionCallTrie)));
-    DCHECK_NE(Item->Trie, nullptr);
-    new (Item->Trie) FunctionCallTrie(*GlobalAllocators);
+    auto Trie = reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie *>(&Item->TrieStorage);
+    new (Trie) FunctionCallTrie(*GlobalAllocators);
   }
 
-  T.deepCopyInto(*Item->Trie);
+  auto Trie = reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie *>(&Item->TrieStorage);
+  T.deepCopyInto(*Trie);
 }
 
 // A PathArray represents the function id's representing a stack trace. In this
 // context a path is almost always represented from the leaf function in a call
 // stack to a root of the call trie.
 using PathArray = Array<int32_t>;
 
 struct ProfileRecord {
   using PathAllocator = typename PathArray::AllocatorType;
 
   // The Path in this record is the function id's from the leaf to the root of
   // the function call stack as represented from a FunctionCallTrie.
-  PathArray *Path = nullptr;
+  PathArray Path;
   const FunctionCallTrie::Node *Node = nullptr;
 
   // Constructor for in-place construction.
   ProfileRecord(PathAllocator &A, const FunctionCallTrie::Node *N)
-      : Path([&] {
-          auto P =
-              reinterpret_cast<PathArray *>(InternalAlloc(sizeof(PathArray)));
-          new (P) PathArray(A);
-          return P;
-        }()),
-        Node(N) {}
+      : Path(A), Node(N) {}
 };
 
 namespace {
 
 using ProfileRecordArray = Array<ProfileRecord>;
 
 // Walk a depth-first traversal of each root of the FunctionCallTrie to generate
 // the path(s) and the data associated with the path.
while (!DFSStack.empty()) {
       auto Record = PRs.AppendEmplace(PA, Node);
       if (Record == nullptr)
         return;
       DCHECK_NE(Record, nullptr);
 
       // Traverse the Node's parents and as we're doing so, get the FIds in
       // the order they appear.
       for (auto N = Node; N != nullptr; N = N->Parent)
-        Record->Path->Append(N->FId);
-      DCHECK(!Record->Path->empty());
+        Record->Path.Append(N->FId);
+      DCHECK(!Record->Path.empty());
 
       for (const auto C : Node->Callees)
         DFSStack.Append(C.NodePtr);
     }
   }
 }
 
 static void serializeRecords(ProfileBuffer *Buffer, const BlockHeader &Header,
                              const ProfileRecordArray &ProfileRecords) {
   auto NextPtr = static_cast<char *>(
                      internal_memcpy(Buffer->Data, &Header, sizeof(Header))) +
                  sizeof(Header);
   for (const auto &Record : ProfileRecords) {
     // List of IDs follow:
-    for (const auto FId : *Record.Path)
+    for (const auto FId : Record.Path)
       NextPtr =
           static_cast<char *>(internal_memcpy(NextPtr, &FId, sizeof(FId))) +
           sizeof(FId);
 
     // Add the sentinel here.
     constexpr int32_t SentinelFId = 0;
     NextPtr = static_cast<char *>(
                   internal_memset(NextPtr, SentinelFId, sizeof(SentinelFId))) +
static void serializeRecords(ProfileBuffer *Buffer, const BlockHeader &Header,
   DCHECK_EQ(NextPtr - static_cast<char *>(Buffer->Data), Buffer->Size);
 }
 
 } // namespace
 
 void serialize() {
   SpinMutexLock Lock(&GlobalMutex);
 
-  // Clear out the global ProfileBuffers.
-  for (uptr I = 0; I < ProfileBuffers->Size(); ++I)
-    InternalFree((*ProfileBuffers)[I].Data);
-  ProfileBuffers->Reset();
+  if (GlobalAllocators == nullptr || ThreadTries == nullptr ||
+      ProfileBuffers == nullptr)
+    return;
+
+  for (auto &B : *ProfileBuffers)
+    deallocateBuffer(B.Data, B.Size);
+  ProfileBuffers->trim(ProfileBuffers->size());
 
-  if (ThreadTries->Size() == 0)
+  if (ThreadTries->empty())
     return;
 
   // Then repopulate the global ProfileBuffers.
-  for (u32 I = 0; I < ThreadTries->Size(); ++I) {
+  u32 I = 0;
+  for (const auto &ThreadTrie : *ThreadTries) {
     using ProfileRecordAllocator = typename ProfileRecordArray::AllocatorType;
     ProfileRecordAllocator PRAlloc(profilingFlags()->global_allocator_max);
     ProfileRecord::PathAllocator PathAlloc(
         profilingFlags()->global_allocator_max);
     ProfileRecordArray ProfileRecords(PRAlloc);
 
     // First, we want to compute the amount of space we're going to need. We'll
     // use a local allocator and an __xray::Array<...> to store the intermediary
     // data, then compute the size as we're going along. Then we'll allocate the
     // contiguous space to contain the thread buffer data.
-    const auto &Trie = *(*ThreadTries)[I].Trie;
+    const auto &Trie =
+        *reinterpret_cast<const FunctionCallTrie *>(&(ThreadTrie.TrieStorage));
     if (Trie.getRoots().empty())
       continue;
+
     populateRecords(ProfileRecords, PathAlloc, Trie);
     DCHECK(!Trie.getRoots().empty());
     DCHECK(!ProfileRecords.empty());
 
     // Go through each record, to compute the sizes.
     //
     // header size = block size (4 bytes)
     //   + block number (4 bytes)
     //   + thread id (8 bytes)
     // record size = path ids (4 bytes * number of ids + sentinel 4 bytes)
     //   + call count (8 bytes)
     //   + local time (8 bytes)
     //   + end of record (8 bytes)
     u32 CumulativeSizes = 0;
     for (const auto &Record : ProfileRecords)
-      CumulativeSizes += 20 + (4 * Record.Path->size());
+      CumulativeSizes += 20 + (4 * Record.Path.size());
 
-    BlockHeader Header{16 + CumulativeSizes, I, (*ThreadTries)[I].TId};
-    auto Buffer = ProfileBuffers->PushBack();
+    BlockHeader Header{16 + CumulativeSizes, I++, ThreadTrie.TId};
+    auto Buffer = ProfileBuffers->Append({});
     Buffer->Size = sizeof(Header) + CumulativeSizes;
-    Buffer->Data = InternalAlloc(Buffer->Size, nullptr, 64);
+    Buffer->Data = allocateBuffer(Buffer->Size);
     DCHECK_NE(Buffer->Data, nullptr);
     serializeRecords(Buffer, Header, ProfileRecords);
-
-    // Now clean up the ProfileRecords array, one at a time.
-    for (auto &Record : ProfileRecords) {
-      Record.Path->~PathArray();
-      InternalFree(Record.Path);
-    }
   }
 }
 
 void reset() {
   SpinMutexLock Lock(&GlobalMutex);
+
   if (ProfileBuffers != nullptr) {
     // Clear out the profile buffers that have been serialized.
-    for (uptr I = 0; I < ProfileBuffers->Size(); ++I)
-      InternalFree((*ProfileBuffers)[I].Data);
-    ProfileBuffers->Reset();
-    InternalFree(ProfileBuffers);
-    ProfileBuffers = nullptr;
+    for (auto &B : *ProfileBuffers)
+      deallocateBuffer(B.Data, B.Size);
+    ProfileBuffers->trim(ProfileBuffers->size());
   }
 
   if (ThreadTries != nullptr) {
     // Clear out the function call tries per thread.
-    for (uptr I = 0; I < ThreadTries->Size(); ++I) {
-      auto &T = (*ThreadTries)[I];
-      T.Trie->~FunctionCallTrie();
-      InternalFree(T.Trie);
-    }
-    ThreadTries->Reset();
-    InternalFree(ThreadTries);
-    ThreadTries = nullptr;
+    for (auto &T : *ThreadTries) {
+      auto Trie = reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie *>(&T.TrieStorage);
+      Trie->~FunctionCallTrie();
+    }
+    ThreadTries->trim(ThreadTries->size());
   }
 
   // Reset the global allocators.
-  if (GlobalAllocators != nullptr) {
+  if (GlobalAllocators != nullptr)
     GlobalAllocators->~Allocators();
-    InternalFree(GlobalAllocators);
-    GlobalAllocators = nullptr;
-  }
-  GlobalAllocators = reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie::Allocators *>(
-      InternalAlloc(sizeof(FunctionCallTrie::Allocators)));
+
+  GlobalAllocators =
+      reinterpret_cast<FunctionCallTrie::Allocators *>(&AllocatorStorage);
   new (GlobalAllocators) FunctionCallTrie::Allocators();
   *GlobalAllocators = FunctionCallTrie::InitAllocators();
-  ThreadTries = reinterpret_cast<Vector<ThreadTrie> *>(
-      InternalAlloc(sizeof(Vector<ThreadTrie>)));
-  new (ThreadTries) Vector<ThreadTrie>();
-  ProfileBuffers = reinterpret_cast<Vector<ProfileBuffer> *>(
-      InternalAlloc(sizeof(Vector<ProfileBuffer>)));
-  new (ProfileBuffers) Vector<ProfileBuffer>();
+
+  if (ThreadTriesAllocator != nullptr)
+    ThreadTriesAllocator->~ThreadTriesArrayAllocator();
+
+  ThreadTriesAllocator = reinterpret_cast<ThreadTriesArrayAllocator *>(
+      &ThreadTriesArrayAllocatorStorage);
+  new (ThreadTriesAllocator)
+      ThreadTriesArrayAllocator(profilingFlags()->global_allocator_max);
+  ThreadTries = reinterpret_cast<ThreadTriesArray *>(&ThreadTriesStorage);
+  new (ThreadTries) ThreadTriesArray(*ThreadTriesAllocator);
+
+  if (ProfileBuffersAllocator != nullptr)
+    ProfileBuffersAllocator->~ProfileBufferArrayAllocator();
+
+  ProfileBuffersAllocator = reinterpret_cast<ProfileBufferArrayAllocator *>(
+      &ProfileBufferArrayAllocatorStorage);
+  new (ProfileBuffersAllocator)
+      ProfileBufferArrayAllocator(profilingFlags()->global_allocator_max);
+  ProfileBuffers =
+      reinterpret_cast<ProfileBufferArray *>(&ProfileBuffersStorage);
+  new (ProfileBuffers) ProfileBufferArray(*ProfileBuffersAllocator);
 }
 
 XRayBuffer nextBuffer(XRayBuffer B) {
   SpinMutexLock Lock(&GlobalMutex);
 
-  if (ProfileBuffers == nullptr || ProfileBuffers->Size() == 0)
+  if (ProfileBuffers == nullptr || ProfileBuffers->size() == 0)
     return {nullptr, 0};
 
   static pthread_once_t Once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
   static typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(XRayProfilingFileHeader)>::type
       FileHeaderStorage;
   pthread_once(&Once,
                +[] { new (&FileHeaderStorage) XRayProfilingFileHeader{}; });
 
   if (UNLIKELY(B.Data == nullptr)) {
     // The first buffer should always contain the file header information.
     auto &FileHeader =
         *reinterpret_cast<XRayProfilingFileHeader *>(&FileHeaderStorage);
     FileHeader.Timestamp = NanoTime();
     FileHeader.PID = internal_getpid();
     return {&FileHeaderStorage, sizeof(XRayProfilingFileHeader)};
   }
 
   if (UNLIKELY(B.Data == &FileHeaderStorage))
     return {(*ProfileBuffers)[0].Data, (*ProfileBuffers)[0].Size};
 
   BlockHeader Header;
   internal_memcpy(&Header, B.Data, sizeof(BlockHeader));
   auto NextBlock = Header.BlockNum + 1;
-  if (NextBlock < ProfileBuffers->Size())
+  if (NextBlock < ProfileBuffers->size())
     return {(*ProfileBuffers)[NextBlock].Data,
             (*ProfileBuffers)[NextBlock].Size};
   return {nullptr, 0};
 }
 
 } // namespace profileCollectorService
 } // namespace __xray

compiler-rt/lib/xray/xray_segmented_array.h

for (auto I = begin(); I != E; ++I)
         return &(*I);
 
     return nullptr;
   }
 
   /// Remove N Elements from the end. This leaves the blocks behind, and not
   /// require allocation of new blocks for new elements added after trimming.
   void trim(size_t Elements) {
+    if (Elements == 0)
+      return;
+
     DCHECK_LE(Elements, Size);
     DCHECK_GT(Size, 0);
     auto OldSize = Size;
     Size -= Elements;
 
     DCHECK_NE(Head, &SentinelSegment);
     DCHECK_NE(Tail, &SentinelSegment);