[docs] Add ThinLTO user documentation

[tejohnson]

Summary

Add some user facing documentation on ThinLTO and how to use it.

[tejohnson]

Add some troubleshooting info for gold plugin misconfigurations

[mehdi_amini]

Great! Thanks for writing it :)

docs/CommandGuide/clang.rst

339

What about using "monolithic" instead of "regular"?

docs/ThinLTO.rst

14

Same :)

[tejohnson]

Replace 'regular LTO' with 'monolithic LTO' to be more descriptive.

docs/CommandGuide/clang.rst

 .. option:: -ftls-model=<model>
 
   Set the default thread-local storage (TLS) model to use for thread-local
   variables. Valid values are: "global-dynamic", "local-dynamic",
   "initial-exec" and "local-exec". The default is "global-dynamic". The default
   model can be overridden with the tls_model attribute. The compiler will try
   to choose a more efficient model if possible.
 
-.. option:: -flto, -emit-llvm
+.. option:: -flto[=full,thin], -emit-llvm
 
   Generate output files in LLVM formats, suitable for link time optimization.
   When used with :option:`-S` this generates LLVM intermediate language
   assembly files, otherwise this generates LLVM bitcode format object files
   (which may be passed to the linker depending on the stage selection options).
 
+  The default for :option:`-flto` is :option:`-flto=full`, in which the
+  LLVM bitcode is suitable for regular Link Time Optimization (LTO), where
+  the linker merges all such modules into a single combined module for
+  optimization. With :option:`-flto=thin`, :doc:`ThinLTO <../ThinLTO>`
+  compilation is invoked instead.
+
 Driver Options
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 .. option:: -###
 
   Print (but do not run) the commands to run for this compilation.
 
 .. option:: --help

docs/ThinLTO.rst

+=======
+ThinLTO
+=======
+
+.. contents::
+   :local:
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+*ThinLTO* compilation is a new type of LTO that is both scalable and
+incremental. *LTO* (Link Time Optimization) achieves better
+runtime performance through whole-program analysis and cross-module
+optimization. However, regular LTO implements this by merging all
+input into a single monolithic module, which is not scalable
+in time or memory, and also prevents fast incremental compiles.
+
+In ThinLTO mode, as with regular LTO, clang emits LLVM bitcode after the
+compile phase. The ThinLTO bitcode is augmented with a compact summary
+of the module. During the link step, only the summaries are read and
+merged into a combined summary index, which includes an index of function
+locations for later cross-module function importing. Fast and efficient
+whole-program analysis is then performed on the combined summary index.
+
+However, all transformations, including function importing, occur
+later when the modules are optimized in fully parallel backends.
+By default, linkers_ that support ThinLTO are set up to launch
+the ThinLTO backends in threads. So the usage model is not affected
+as the distinction between the fast serial thin link step and the backends
+is transparent to the user.
+
+For more information on the ThinLTO design and current performance,
+see the LLVM blog post `ThinLTO: Scalable and Incremental LTO
+<http://blog.llvm.org/2016/06/thinlto-scalable-and-incremental-lto.html>`_.
+While tuning is still in progress, results in the blog post show that
+ThinLTO already performs well compared to LTO, in many cases matching
+the performance improvement.
+
+Current Status
+==============
+
+Clang/LLVM
+----------
+.. _compiler:
+
+The 3.9 release of clang includes ThinLTO support. However, ThinLTO
+is under active development, and new features, improvements and bugfixes
+are being added for the next release. For the latest ThinLTO support,
+`build a recent version of clang and LLVM
+<http://llvm.org/docs/CMake.html>`_.
+
+Linkers
+-------
+.. _linkers:
+.. _linker:
+
+ThinLTO is currently supported for the following linkers:
+
+- **gold (via the gold-plugin)**:
+  Similar to regular LTO, this requires using
+  a `gold linker configured with plugins enabled
+  <http://llvm.org/docs/GoldPlugin.html>`_.
+- **ld64**:
+  Starting with `Xcode 8 <https://developer.apple.com/xcode/>`_.
+
+Additionally, support is being added to the *lld* linker.
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+Basic
+-----
+
+To utilize ThinLTO, simply add the -flto=thin option to compile and link. E.g.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+  % clang -flto=thin -O2 file1.c file2.c -c
+  % clang -flto=thin -O2 file1.o file2.o -o a.out
+
+As mentioned earlier, by default the linkers will launch the ThinLTO backend
+threads in parallel, passing the resulting native object files back to the
+linker for the final native link.  As such, the usage model the same as
+non-LTO.
+
+With gold, if you see an error during the link of the form:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+  /usr/bin/ld: error: /path/to/clang/bin/../lib/LLVMgold.so: could not load plugin library: /path/to/clang/bin/../lib/LLVMgold.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
+
+Then either gold was not configured with plugins enabled, or clang
+was not built with ``-DLLVM_BINUTILS_INCDIR`` set properly. See
+the instructions for the
+`LLVM gold plugin <http://llvm.org/docs/GoldPlugin.html#how-to-build-it>`_.
+
+Controlling Backend Parallelism
+-------------------------------
+.. _parallelism:
+
+By default, the ThinLTO link step will launch up to
+``std::thread::hardware_concurrency`` number of threads in parallel.
+For machines with hyper-threading, this is the total number of
+virtual cores. For some applications and machine configurations this
+may be too aggressive, in which case the amount of parallelism can
+be reduced to ``N`` via:
+
+- gold:
+  ``-Wl,-plugin-opt,jobs=N``
+- ld64:
+  ``-Wl,-mllvm,-threads=N``
+
+Incremental
+-----------
+.. _incremental:
+
+ThinLTO supports fast incremental builds through the use of a cache,
+which currently must be enabled through a linker option.
+
+- gold (as of LLVM r279883):
+  ``-Wl,-plugin-opt,cache-dir=/path/to/cache``
+- ld64 (support in clang 3.9 and Xcode 8):
+  ``-Wl,-cache_path_lto,/path/to/cache``
+
+Clang Bootstrap
+---------------
+
+To bootstrap clang/LLVM with ThinLTO, follow these steps:
+
+1. The host compiler_ must be a version of clang that supports ThinLTO.
+#. The host linker_ must support ThinLTO (and in the case of gold, must be
+   `configured with plugins enabled <http://llvm.org/docs/GoldPlugin.html>`_.
+#. Use the following additional `CMake variables
+   <http://llvm.org/docs/CMake.html#options-and-variables>`_
+   when configuring the bootstrap compiler build:
+
+  * ``-DLLVM_ENABLE_LTO=Thin``
+  * ``-DLLVM_PARALLEL_LINK_JOBS=1``
+    (since the ThinLTO link invokes parallel backend jobs)
+  * ``-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/path/to/host/clang``
+  * ``-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/path/to/host/clang++``
+  * ``-DCMAKE_RANLIB=/path/to/host/llvm-ranlib``
+  * ``-DCMAKE_AR=/path/to/host/llvm-nm``
+
+#. To use additional linker arguments for controlling the backend
+   parallelism_ or enabling incremental_ builds of the bootstrap compiler,
+   after configuring the build, modify the resulting CMakeCache.txt file in the
+   build directory. Specify any additional linker options after
+   ``CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS:STRING=``. Note the configure may fail if
+   linker plugin options are instead specified directly in the previous step.
+
+More Information
+================
+
+* From LLVM project blog:
+  `ThinLTO: Scalable and Incremental LTO
+  <http://blog.llvm.org/2016/06/thinlto-scalable-and-incremental-lto.html>`_

docs/index.rst

.. toctree::
    SanitizerStats
    SanitizerSpecialCaseList
    ControlFlowIntegrity
    LTOVisibility
    SafeStack
    SourceBasedCodeCoverage
    Modules
    MSVCCompatibility
+   ThinLTO
    CommandGuide/index
    FAQ
 
 Using Clang as a Library
 ========================
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1