[ThinLTO] Prevent importing of "llvm.used" values

[tejohnson]

Summary

This patch prevents importing from (and therefore exporting from) any
module with a "llvm.used" local value. Local values need to be promoted
and renamed when importing, and their presense on the llvm.used variable
indicates that there are opaque uses that won't see the rename. One such
example is a use in inline assembly.

See also the discussion at:
http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2016-April/098047.html

As part of this, move collectUsedGlobalVariables out of Transforms/Utils
and into IR/Module so that it can be used more widely. There are several
other places in LLVM that used copies of this code that can be cleaned
up as a follow on NFC patch.

[mehdi_amini]

include/llvm/IR/Module.h

757 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Why was this code-motion needed?

lib/Analysis/ModuleSummaryAnalysis.cpp

133 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Is it a "big hammer" fix?
I'd expect to prevent renaming/importing this specific GV, nothing more.
I see here the same kind of issue as D18298.

lib/Bitcode/Writer/BitcodeWriter.cpp

2892 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Looks like you can go ahead and commit this right now

[tejohnson]

Weird - I didn't get an email with the review comments. I just noticed them because I opened the patch in Phab to ping it.

include/llvm/IR/Module.h

757 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

So that it can be used in lib/Analysis/ModuleSummaryAnalysis.cpp

lib/Analysis/ModuleSummaryAnalysis.cpp

133 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Yes, this is a big hammer fix, which will eventually need something more refined. The problem with simply trying to prevent renaming/importing of these specific GVs is the same as the one I noted in D18298: you also need to prevent importing of any references to these GVs (not just the GV themselves), since it is the importing of any reference to them that provokes the need to promote and rename. It is doable, but this is a simple workaround for what should be an uncommon case, especially given that we are currently doing aggressive promotion/renaming in some of the ThinLTO clients. It provides an immediate fix for a correctness problem that can be refined later.

lib/Bitcode/Writer/BitcodeWriter.cpp

2892 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

I can do that.

[mehdi_amini]

Also, could we promote and rename while keeping a private alias with the old name for these globals?

include/llvm/IR/Module.h

757 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Oh and you can't introduce a dependency from Analysis to TransformsUtil

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404324, @joker.eph wrote:

Also, could we promote and rename while keeping a private alias with the old name for these globals?

No, because we could import inline assembly from two different modules, each containing a reference to a local 'myvar', and the two imported uses within the imported inline assembly need to each see the correct corresponding promoted global.

include/llvm/IR/Module.h

757 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Right, didn't spell that out but that is the root of it. Also, as I noted in the patch description, there are several other places across LLVM that have copies of the same functionality and could use this same function if it is moved somewhere accessible.

[mehdi_amini]

In D18986#404380, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404324, @joker.eph wrote:

Also, could we promote and rename while keeping a private alias with the old name for these globals?

No, because we could import inline assembly from two different modules, each containing a reference to a local 'myvar', and the two imported uses within the imported inline assembly need to each see the correct corresponding promoted global.

There are two things:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)
2. Functions that contains inline assembly themselves.

I was referring to the first one while you are mentioning the second ones right?

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404415, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404380, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404324, @joker.eph wrote:

Also, could we promote and rename while keeping a private alias with the old name for these globals?

No, because we could import inline assembly from two different modules, each containing a reference to a local 'myvar', and the two imported uses within the imported inline assembly need to each see the correct corresponding promoted global.

There are two things:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)
2. Functions that contains inline assembly themselves.

I was referring to the first one while you are mentioning the second ones right?

I'm talking about the first one, with regards to the symbol that is renamed/promoted. The functions containing inline assembly matter just in the sense that it is through importing them that you provoke the renaming of the symbols used in the inline assembly (and referenced on the llvm.used).

E.g. if you look at the test case I added here, let's say there was a second file inlineasm2.ll that looks like:

@myvar = internal constant i8 1, align 1
@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

define void @bar(i64* %v) #0 {
entry:

%v.addr = alloca i64*, align 8
store i64* %v, i64** %v.addr, align 8
%0 = load i64*, i64** %v.addr, align 8
call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), %eax\0A\09movq %rax, $0\0A\09", "=*m,~{eax},~{dirflag},~{fpsr},~{flags}"(i64* %0) #1
ret void

}

I.e. this is the same as Input/inlineasm.ll, except that we have a function bar instead of foo (inline assembly is the same, and each uses a local variable @myvar). If we import bar() into the main module as well (assume main() is changed to call both foo() and bar()), then we need to promote/rename both copies of myvar. The imported inline assembly copies need to refer to the correct renamed/promoted copy of myvar. It isn't possible to set up a private alias in main()'s module from myvar to both of the renamed/promoted myvars. Peter had some ideas (see the link in the patch summary) for some new assembly directives to handle this, but that is a longer-term fix that is quite a bit more extensive.

[mehdi_amini]

In D18986#404419, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404415, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404380, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404324, @joker.eph wrote:

Also, could we promote and rename while keeping a private alias with the old name for these globals?

No, because we could import inline assembly from two different modules, each containing a reference to a local 'myvar', and the two imported uses within the imported inline assembly need to each see the correct corresponding promoted global.

There are two things:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)
2. Functions that contains inline assembly themselves.

I was referring to the first one while you are mentioning the second ones right?

I'm talking about the first one, with regards to the symbol that is renamed/promoted. The functions containing inline assembly matter just in the sense that it is through importing them that you provoke the renaming of the symbols used in the inline assembly (and referenced on the llvm.used).

E.g. if you look at the test case I added here, let's say there was a second file inlineasm2.ll that looks like:

@myvar = internal constant i8 1, align 1
@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

define void @bar(i64* %v) #0 {
entry:

%v.addr = alloca i64*, align 8
store i64* %v, i64** %v.addr, align 8
%0 = load i64*, i64** %v.addr, align 8
call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), %eax\0A\09movq %rax, $0\0A\09", "=*m,~{eax},~{dirflag},~{fpsr},~{flags}"(i64* %0) #1
ret void

}

I.e. this is the same as Input/inlineasm.ll, except that we have a function bar instead of foo (inline assembly is the same, and each uses a local variable @myvar). If we import bar() into the main module as well (assume main() is changed to call both foo() and bar()), then we need to promote/rename both copies of myvar. The imported inline assembly copies need to refer to the correct renamed/promoted copy of myvar. It isn't possible to set up a private alias in main()'s module from myvar to both of the renamed/promoted myvars. Peter had some ideas (see the link in the patch summary) for some new assembly directives to handle this, but that is a longer-term fix that is quite a bit more extensive.

If you import bar() it mean you are not considering my 1) but the 2) above (this is a function that *contains* inline asm and not a function that is *referenced* by inline asm).

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404453, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404419, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404415, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404380, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404324, @joker.eph wrote:

Also, could we promote and rename while keeping a private alias with the old name for these globals?

No, because we could import inline assembly from two different modules, each containing a reference to a local 'myvar', and the two imported uses within the imported inline assembly need to each see the correct corresponding promoted global.

There are two things:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)
2. Functions that contains inline assembly themselves.

I was referring to the first one while you are mentioning the second ones right?

I'm talking about the first one, with regards to the symbol that is renamed/promoted. The functions containing inline assembly matter just in the sense that it is through importing them that you provoke the renaming of the symbols used in the inline assembly (and referenced on the llvm.used).

E.g. if you look at the test case I added here, let's say there was a second file inlineasm2.ll that looks like:

@myvar = internal constant i8 1, align 1
@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

define void @bar(i64* %v) #0 {
entry:

%v.addr = alloca i64*, align 8
store i64* %v, i64** %v.addr, align 8
%0 = load i64*, i64** %v.addr, align 8
call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), %eax\0A\09movq %rax, $0\0A\09", "=*m,~{eax},~{dirflag},~{fpsr},~{flags}"(i64* %0) #1
ret void

}

I.e. this is the same as Input/inlineasm.ll, except that we have a function bar instead of foo (inline assembly is the same, and each uses a local variable @myvar). If we import bar() into the main module as well (assume main() is changed to call both foo() and bar()), then we need to promote/rename both copies of myvar. The imported inline assembly copies need to refer to the correct renamed/promoted copy of myvar. It isn't possible to set up a private alias in main()'s module from myvar to both of the renamed/promoted myvars. Peter had some ideas (see the link in the patch summary) for some new assembly directives to handle this, but that is a longer-term fix that is quite a bit more extensive.

If you import bar() it mean you are not considering my 1) but the 2) above (this is a function that *contains* inline asm and not a function that is *referenced* by inline asm).

I'm not following. When you said:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)

I assumed you meant the variable like @myvar which is on the llvm.used, and is referenced in the inline asm:

@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

...

call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), ...

(In the example there is no function referenced by inline asm, just a variable.)

It is the llvm.used symbol myvar which cannot be correctly handled with a private alias, unless I am missing something. Maybe you could show what you are proposing using this example (i.e. the example in the patch augmented with an import to the additional module containing bar() shown above).

[mehdi_amini]

include/llvm/IR/Module.h

752 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

(Remove brief).

lib/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.cpp

219 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

I feel we should check GlobalsToImport here, the client has the ability to ask for promotion for specific symbols right?

[mehdi_amini]

If you import bar() it mean you are not considering my 1) but the 2) above (this is a function that *contains* inline asm and not a function that is *referenced* by inline asm).

I'm not following. When you said:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)

I assumed you meant the variable like @myvar which is on the llvm.used, and is referenced in the inline asm:

@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

...

call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), ...

(In the example there is no function referenced by inline asm, just a variable.)

It is the llvm.used symbol myvar which cannot be correctly handled with a private alias, unless I am missing something. Maybe you could show what you are proposing using this example (i.e. the example in the patch augmented with an import to the additional module containing bar() shown above).

Let say myvar was instead myfunc and was referenced from the inline asm. And then let say you are trying to import myfunc into another module and you need to promote it. You should be able to rename myfunc() to myfunc.1234() and create a local alias myfunc = alias myfunc.1234().
Makes sense?

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404576, @joker.eph wrote:

If you import bar() it mean you are not considering my 1) but the 2) above (this is a function that *contains* inline asm and not a function that is *referenced* by inline asm).

I'm not following. When you said:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)

I assumed you meant the variable like @myvar which is on the llvm.used, and is referenced in the inline asm:

@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

...

call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), ...

(In the example there is no function referenced by inline asm, just a variable.)

It is the llvm.used symbol myvar which cannot be correctly handled with a private alias, unless I am missing something. Maybe you could show what you are proposing using this example (i.e. the example in the patch augmented with an import to the additional module containing bar() shown above).

Let say myvar was instead myfunc and was referenced from the inline asm. And then let say you are trying to import myfunc into another module and you need to promote it. You should be able to rename myfunc() to myfunc.1234() and create a local alias myfunc = alias myfunc.1234().
Makes sense?

I'm not sure local functions are fundamentally different. Note if we import a local function we don't really need to promote it (we can use the imported copy). But let's say a reference to local function myfunc is imported from module1.o, it will need to be promoted/renamed. We could have a different local function myfunc that we import a reference to from module2.o, also requiring a promotion/rename. You can't create a single myfunc alias to both of them.

include/llvm/IR/Module.h

752 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Will do.

lib/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.cpp

219 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

But as I mentioned earlier, the problem comes into play with local symbols that are not in the GlobalsToImport set (but are rather referenced by a function in the GlobalsToImport set, requiring the promotion).

[mehdi_amini]

In D18986#404584, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404576, @joker.eph wrote:

If you import bar() it mean you are not considering my 1) but the 2) above (this is a function that *contains* inline asm and not a function that is *referenced* by inline asm).

I'm not following. When you said:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)

I assumed you meant the variable like @myvar which is on the llvm.used, and is referenced in the inline asm:

@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

...

call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), ...

(In the example there is no function referenced by inline asm, just a variable.)

It is the llvm.used symbol myvar which cannot be correctly handled with a private alias, unless I am missing something. Maybe you could show what you are proposing using this example (i.e. the example in the patch augmented with an import to the additional module containing bar() shown above).

Let say myvar was instead myfunc and was referenced from the inline asm. And then let say you are trying to import myfunc into another module and you need to promote it. You should be able to rename myfunc() to myfunc.1234() and create a local alias myfunc = alias myfunc.1234().
Makes sense?

I'm not sure local functions are fundamentally different. Note if we import a local function we don't really need to promote it (we can use the imported copy). But let's say a reference to local function myfunc is imported from module1.o,

Yes this is what I was after.

it will need to be promoted/renamed. We could have a different local function myfunc that we import a reference to from module2.o, also requiring a promotion/rename. You can't create a single myfunc alias to both of them.

I'm lost... The aliases lies in the *source* module and are internal. Let me examplify:

ModuleA: defines foo(), which calls barB() and barC()
ModuleB: defines barB() which references myLocalFunc() (which is also in llvm.used)
ModuleC: defines barC() which references myLocalFunc() (which is also in llvm.used)

Now to import barB() and barC() into ModuleA, you transform this way:

ModuleA: defines foo(), import barB() and barC(), these are referencing myLocalFunc.1234() and myLocalFunc.4567() (promoted in each source module B and C)
ModuleB: defines barB() and myLocalFunc.1234() (promoted). And with barB() that references this promoted version. We also create an internal alias myLocalFunc() = myLocalFunc.1234() (the alias is also in llvm.used)
ModuleC: defines barC() and myLocalFunc.4567() (promoted). And with barC() that references this promoted version. We also create an internal alias myLocalFunc() = myLocalFunc.4567() (the alias is also in llvm.used)

[mehdi_amini]

lib/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.cpp

219 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

GlobalsToImport should be renamed into GlobalsToPromote indeed, this is how it is intended to be used right? You already gets wrong result if you don't fill it with referenced symbols or is there some magic I missed? (I fill the "export lists" with the referenced symbols for this purpose).

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404590, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404584, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404576, @joker.eph wrote:

If you import bar() it mean you are not considering my 1) but the 2) above (this is a function that *contains* inline asm and not a function that is *referenced* by inline asm).

I'm not following. When you said:

1. "llvm.used" symbols (that are referred *from* inline assembly)

I assumed you meant the variable like @myvar which is on the llvm.used, and is referenced in the inline asm:

@llvm.used = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"

...

call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), ...

(In the example there is no function referenced by inline asm, just a variable.)

It is the llvm.used symbol myvar which cannot be correctly handled with a private alias, unless I am missing something. Maybe you could show what you are proposing using this example (i.e. the example in the patch augmented with an import to the additional module containing bar() shown above).

Let say myvar was instead myfunc and was referenced from the inline asm. And then let say you are trying to import myfunc into another module and you need to promote it. You should be able to rename myfunc() to myfunc.1234() and create a local alias myfunc = alias myfunc.1234().
Makes sense?

I'm not sure local functions are fundamentally different. Note if we import a local function we don't really need to promote it (we can use the imported copy). But let's say a reference to local function myfunc is imported from module1.o,

Yes this is what I was after.

it will need to be promoted/renamed. We could have a different local function myfunc that we import a reference to from module2.o, also requiring a promotion/rename. You can't create a single myfunc alias to both of them.

I'm lost... The aliases lies in the *source* module and are internal. Let me examplify:

ModuleA: defines foo(), which calls barB() and barC()
ModuleB: defines barB() which references myLocalFunc() (which is also in llvm.used)
ModuleC: defines barC() which references myLocalFunc() (which is also in llvm.used)

Now to import barB() and barC() into ModuleA, you transform this way:

ModuleA: defines foo(), import barB() and barC(), these are referencing myLocalFunc.1234() and myLocalFunc.4567() (promoted in each source module B and C)
ModuleB: defines barB() and myLocalFunc.1234() (promoted). And with barB() that references this promoted version. We also create an internal alias myLocalFunc() = myLocalFunc.1234() (the alias is also in llvm.used)
ModuleC: defines barC() and myLocalFunc.4567() (promoted). And with barC() that references this promoted version. We also create an internal alias myLocalFunc() = myLocalFunc.4567() (the alias is also in llvm.used)

Ah, now I understand our disconnect. What you describe above will work in ModuleB and ModuleC after promotion. The issue is in ModuleA, which now has references to myLocalFunc.1234 and myLocalFunc.4567, if those are referenced in inline assembly within the imported barB and barC. (Or using the example from this patch, the renamed myvar references in the imported inline assembly)

[mehdi_amini]

Yes this was my tentative distinction 1) and 2) above, i.e. promoting a function present in llvm.used vs importing a function that contains inline ASM.
We should be able to always promote AFAICT, but not import the one that contains Inline ASM if it has a reference to a local function.

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404640, @joker.eph wrote:

Yes this was my tentative distinction 1) and 2) above, i.e. promoting a function present in llvm.used vs importing a function that contains inline ASM.

They are related: 1) (local value present on the llvm.used) means that 2) (importing a function with inline asm) has to be conservative as the inline asm may contain a reference to that local value.

We should be able to always promote AFAICT, but not import the one that contains Inline ASM if it has a reference to a local function.

Except that you don't know which inline asm references which local function or variable from the llvm.used. For instance, the source code used to generate the example in this patch is:

static const unsigned char attribute((used)) attribute ((aligned (1))) myvar = 1;
void foo(unsigned long int *v) {

__asm__ volatile("movzbl     myvar(%%rip), %%eax\n\t"
                 "movq %%rax, %0\n\t"
                     : "=*m" (*v)
  :
  : "%eax"
  );

}

The inline asm string "movzbl myvar(..." is an opaque blob that the compiler doesn't AFAIK do any analysis on to decide what is a global value - the reason why the myvar ends up in llvm.used is only because of the attribute((used)) on the myvar def, not because the compiler detects the reference within an inline assembly string.

But what I could do, which is a bit smaller of a hammer, is to prevent importing of any function that has any inline asm in it, if the module also contains an llvm.used with local values. However, I thought that inline assembly would be rare enough to make this simpler workaround reasonable, especially since a longer term solution will be needed for the general issue on the LTO side (where this workaround won't help). I also have some concerns about getting it right if the decisions are more fine grained: e.g. if we decide to prevent importing for just those functions with inline assembly, do we suppress the importing by not emitting their summaries (might cause some complications if their linkage needs to be adjusted e.g. if they themselves are local and referenced by a different function that is imported thus requiring their promotion), or should they have summaries but mark them as no import somehow (in that case do their summaries need to conservatively reference all values in the llvm.used sets?), etc...haven't entirely thought through all the issues with implementing that approach.

I am not entirely sure what other cases will use llvm.used besides inline assembly, are there other cases where we need to be conservative in the presence of one, because we won't have visibility into where the uses actually are or be able to rename them?

[mehdi_amini]

In D18986#404816, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404640, @joker.eph wrote:

Yes this was my tentative distinction 1) and 2) above, i.e. promoting a function present in llvm.used vs importing a function that contains inline ASM.

They are related: 1) (local value present on the llvm.used) means that 2) (importing a function with inline asm) has to be conservative as the inline asm may contain a reference to that local value.

I think functions in 1) can be totally decoupled, because as shown in my example previously you can always promote/import these regardless of functions in 2), because you can use a private alias.

We should be able to always promote AFAICT, but not import the one that contains Inline ASM if it has a reference to a local function.

Except that you don't know which inline asm references which local function or variable from the llvm.used.

How does it matter? I thought we cleared it with my example earlier: you can still always promote with a private alias, as long as you never import a function with inline ASM it should be fine.

For instance, the source code used to generate the example in this patch is:

static const unsigned char attribute((used)) attribute ((aligned (1))) myvar = 1;
void foo(unsigned long int *v) {

__asm__ volatile("movzbl     myvar(%%rip), %%eax\n\t"
                 "movq %%rax, %0\n\t"
                     : "=*m" (*v)
  :
  : "%eax"
  );

}

The inline asm string "movzbl myvar(..." is an opaque blob that the compiler doesn't AFAIK do any analysis on to decide what is a global value - the reason why the myvar ends up in llvm.used is only because of the attribute((used)) on the myvar def, not because the compiler detects the reference within an inline assembly string.

See CollectAsmUndefinedRefs in D19103 for the analysis performed to parse the assembly and update llvm.used.
But that's not relevant to the point I was making (see below).

But what I could do, which is a bit smaller of a hammer, is to prevent importing of any function that has any inline asm in it, if the module also contains an llvm.used with local values.

That was my point from the beginning: there is no issues with importing the function in llvm.used, it only an issue for the functions that defines the inline ASM.

However, I thought that inline assembly would be rare enough to make this simpler workaround reasonable, especially since a longer term solution will be needed for the general issue on the LTO side (where this workaround won't help). I also have some concerns about getting it right if the decisions are more fine grained: e.g. if we decide to prevent importing for just those functions with inline assembly, do we suppress the importing by not emitting their summaries (might cause some complications if their linkage needs to be adjusted e.g. if they themselves are local and referenced by a different function that is imported thus requiring their promotion), or should they have summaries but mark them as no import somehow (in that case do their summaries need to conservatively reference all values in the llvm.used sets?), etc...haven't entirely thought through all the issues with implementing that approach.

The big hammer seems reasonable to me on the very short term.
Preventing the import of these function can be done using a "flag" in the summary (part of the flags we already talked about, i.e. optnone, optsize, etc.).

I am not entirely sure what other cases will use llvm.used besides inline assembly, are there other cases where we need to be conservative in the presence of one, because we won't have visibility into where the uses actually are or be able to rename them?

I don't know other cases for llvm.user. We also have llvm.compiler_used that needs to be preserved and can't be renamed, but they shouldn't be private either (?). I haven't thought much about these.

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404818, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404816, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404640, @joker.eph wrote:

Yes this was my tentative distinction 1) and 2) above, i.e. promoting a function present in llvm.used vs importing a function that contains inline ASM.

They are related: 1) (local value present on the llvm.used) means that 2) (importing a function with inline asm) has to be conservative as the inline asm may contain a reference to that local value.

I think functions in 1) can be totally decoupled, because as shown in my example previously you can always promote/import these regardless of functions in 2), because you can use a private alias.

The private alias only works in the exporting module, not when there are conflicts on the importing side requiring renaming, which is what is shown in my follow on example.

We should be able to always promote AFAICT, but not import the one that contains Inline ASM if it has a reference to a local function.

Except that you don't know which inline asm references which local function or variable from the llvm.used.

How does it matter? I thought we cleared it with my example earlier: you can still always promote with a private alias, as long as you never import a function with inline ASM it should be fine.

I think we are saying essentially the same thing here - the issue is on the importing side, you can't import functions with inline assembly (although it really should only be an issue if there is an llvm.used indicating that there are uses within the inline assembly).

For instance, the source code used to generate the example in this patch is:

static const unsigned char attribute((used)) attribute ((aligned (1))) myvar = 1;
void foo(unsigned long int *v) {

__asm__ volatile("movzbl     myvar(%%rip), %%eax\n\t"
                 "movq %%rax, %0\n\t"
                     : "=*m" (*v)
  :
  : "%eax"
  );

}

The inline asm string "movzbl myvar(..." is an opaque blob that the compiler doesn't AFAIK do any analysis on to decide what is a global value - the reason why the myvar ends up in llvm.used is only because of the attribute((used)) on the myvar def, not because the compiler detects the reference within an inline assembly string.

See CollectAsmUndefinedRefs in D19103 for the analysis performed to parse the assembly and update llvm.used.
But that's not relevant to the point I was making (see below).

Interesting, I didn't realize there was some parsing/introspection of the inline assembly beyond the register assignment.

But what I could do, which is a bit smaller of a hammer, is to prevent importing of any function that has any inline asm in it, if the module also contains an llvm.used with local values.

That was my point from the beginning: there is no issues with importing the function in llvm.used, it only an issue for the functions that defines the inline ASM.

However, I thought that inline assembly would be rare enough to make this simpler workaround reasonable, especially since a longer term solution will be needed for the general issue on the LTO side (where this workaround won't help). I also have some concerns about getting it right if the decisions are more fine grained: e.g. if we decide to prevent importing for just those functions with inline assembly, do we suppress the importing by not emitting their summaries (might cause some complications if their linkage needs to be adjusted e.g. if they themselves are local and referenced by a different function that is imported thus requiring their promotion), or should they have summaries but mark them as no import somehow (in that case do their summaries need to conservatively reference all values in the llvm.used sets?), etc...haven't entirely thought through all the issues with implementing that approach.

The big hammer seems reasonable to me on the very short term.
Preventing the import of these function can be done using a "flag" in the summary (part of the flags we already talked about, i.e. optnone, optsize, etc.).

I am not entirely sure what other cases will use llvm.used besides inline assembly, are there other cases where we need to be conservative in the presence of one, because we won't have visibility into where the uses actually are or be able to rename them?

I don't know other cases for llvm.user. We also have llvm.compiler_used that needs to be preserved and can't be renamed, but they shouldn't be private either (?). I haven't thought much about these.

[tejohnson]

In D18986#404837, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404818, @joker.eph wrote:

In D18986#404816, @tejohnson wrote:

In D18986#404640, @joker.eph wrote:

[...]

The inline asm string "movzbl myvar(..." is an opaque blob that the compiler doesn't AFAIK do any analysis on to decide what is a global value - the reason why the myvar ends up in llvm.used is only because of the attribute((used)) on the myvar def, not because the compiler detects the reference within an inline assembly string.

See CollectAsmUndefinedRefs in D19103 for the analysis performed to parse the assembly and update llvm.used.
But that's not relevant to the point I was making (see below).

Interesting, I didn't realize there was some parsing/introspection of the inline assembly beyond the register assignment.

I looked at this functionality and it doesn't handle this type of inline assembly. Confirmed by walking through the similar handling in IRObjectFile on which CollectAsmUndefinedRefs was modeled. It only handles "Module-level assembly" as described here: http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#module-level-inline-assembly.

So if we instead want to use a finer grained approach here, I think we need to conservatively reject importing for any function containing inline assembly if there is any llvm.used.

[...]

The big hammer seems reasonable to me on the very short term.

This is my preference given what I think needs to be done to get this to work on a finer grained level vs how uncommon I think the inline assembly is in practice. It can be refined if we find important cases from modules with inline assembly.

Preventing the import of these function can be done using a "flag" in the summary (part of the flags we already talked about, i.e. optnone, optsize, etc.).

To get the finer-grained solution to work, we need to add this indication to the summary, and prevent importing of those functions. Then on the exporting side we need to add an alias to the old name for anything in the llvm.used set (even if we don't export any functions with inline assembly, a reference in another function could be exported, requiring the promotion).

lib/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.cpp

219 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

No, the supplied GlobalsToImport is only used to distinguish what is being imported as a definition vs only a declaration - it is used to select the proper linkage type (e.g. available_externally vs external). It isn't used to drive promotion. And in fact FunctionImporter::importFunctions only places the imported GVs in this set. And the set isn't used when running this on the exporting module (see paragraph after next).

When importing, we promote any referenced local value, which makes sense since those are exactly the ones we need to promote since they are now being referenced from another module (at least until we implement an optimization that decides when it is better to import a local as a definition and leave it local, but that is orthogonal to this issue).

On the exporting side, which is where the code added here by the patch is handling, we don't pass in a GlobalsToImport set, since it isn't relevant. In order to minimize promotions on the exporting side, we need to know what references are being exported, as you mention here. That should be passed in as a separate argument. At that point, we could intersect the values on the llvm.used set with those in the supplied exported references set as a sanity check that none of the llvm.used values ended up exported.

Note that if we want to do a finer grained approach to handling inline asm, preventing importing of just those functions containing the inline assembly, we will either have to implement the support to pass in the exported symbols here, or add an alias to the original name for anything in llvm.used. In the former case the reference graph would have to be augmented to add references from all functions with inline assembly to all the llvm.used values (see my other note here on why CollectAsmUndefinedRefs can't be used to get a more accurate indication on which inline assembly uses which values).

[mehdi_amini]

I looked at this functionality and it doesn't handle this type of inline assembly. Confirmed by walking through the similar handling in IRObjectFile on which CollectAsmUndefinedRefs was modeled. It only handles "Module-level assembly" as described here: http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#module-level-inline-assembly.

OK

So if we instead want to use a finer grained approach here, I think we need to conservatively reject importing for any function containing inline assembly if there is any llvm.used.

If this is what I am after.

[...]

The big hammer seems reasonable to me on the very short term.

This is my preference given what I think needs to be done to get this to work on a finer grained level vs how uncommon I think the inline assembly is in practice. It can be refined if we find important cases from modules with inline assembly.

Sure.
I just noticed that I didn't approve the rev, I thought I did yesterday *before* all this discussion. To be clear I was not saying we need the fine grain now, I was just clarifying that it is "big hammer" and what can be done later.

Preventing the import of these function can be done using a "flag" in the summary (part of the flags we already talked about, i.e. optnone, optsize, etc.).

To get the finer-grained solution to work, we need to add this indication to the summary, and prevent importing of those functions. Then on the exporting side we need to add an alias to the old name for anything in the llvm.used set (even if we don't export any functions with inline assembly, a reference in another function could be exported, requiring the promotion).

Yes, this is what I had in mind.

What needs to be added also is that there is an issue to import *into* a Module with llvm-used in some cases because of name collision:

Module A: internal foo() (<- referenced in llvm.used
Module B: void foo()

And now you want to import foo() from B into A?
Another case to forbid...

[tejohnson]

In D18986#405716, @joker.eph wrote:

I just noticed that I didn't approve the rev, I thought I did yesterday *before* all this discussion. To be clear I was not saying we need the fine grain now, I was just clarifying that it is "big hammer" and what can be done later.

Great. thanks.

Preventing the import of these function can be done using a "flag" in the summary (part of the flags we already talked about, i.e. optnone, optsize, etc.).

To get the finer-grained solution to work, we need to add this indication to the summary, and prevent importing of those functions. Then on the exporting side we need to add an alias to the old name for anything in the llvm.used set (even if we don't export any functions with inline assembly, a reference in another function could be exported, requiring the promotion).

Yes, this is what I had in mind.

What needs to be added also is that there is an issue to import *into* a Module with llvm-used in some cases because of name collision:

Module A: internal foo() (<- referenced in llvm.used
Module B: void foo()

And now you want to import foo() from B into A?
Another case to forbid...

The current patch prevents importing into A because A will not have a summary index. But with a finer grain approach we will need to explicitly prevent this.

I will add a FIXME comment to the code before I submit to summarize the changes needed for a finer grain fix.

[mehdi_amini]

lib/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.cpp

219 ↗

(On Diff #53303)

Reminds me that I started splitting FunctionImportGlobalProcessing into two part: one to perform the linkage changes required before importing, and the other doing the promotion.

llvm/trunk/include/llvm/IR/Module.h

 
 namespace llvm {
 template <typename T> class Optional;
 class FunctionType;
 class GVMaterializer;
 class LLVMContext;
 class RandomNumberGenerator;
 class StructType;
+template <class PtrType> class SmallPtrSetImpl;
 
 template<> struct ilist_traits<NamedMDNode>
   : public ilist_default_traits<NamedMDNode> {
   // createSentinel is used to get hold of a node that marks the end of
   // the list...
   NamedMDNode *createSentinel() const {
     return static_cast<NamedMDNode*>(&Sentinel);
   }
/// @}
   /// \brief Attach profile summary metadata to this module.
   void setProfileSummary(Metadata *M);
 
   /// \brief Returns profile summary metadata
   Metadata *getProfileSummary();
   /// @}
 };
 
+/// \brief Given "llvm.used" or "llvm.compiler.used" as a global name, collect
+/// the initializer elements of that global in Set and return the global itself.
+GlobalVariable *collectUsedGlobalVariables(const Module &M,
+                                           SmallPtrSetImpl<GlobalValue *> &Set,
+                                           bool CompilerUsed);
+
 /// An raw_ostream inserter for modules.
 inline raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &O, const Module &M) {
   M.print(O, nullptr);
   return O;
 }
 
 // Create wrappers for C Binding types (see CBindingWrapping.h).
 DEFINE_SIMPLE_CONVERSION_FUNCTIONS(Module, LLVMModuleRef)

llvm/trunk/include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h

 class Module;
 class Function;
 class GlobalValue;
 class GlobalVariable;
 class Constant;
 class StringRef;
 class Value;
 class Type;
-template <class PtrType> class SmallPtrSetImpl;
 
 /// Append F to the list of global ctors of module M with the given Priority.
 /// This wraps the function in the appropriate structure and stores it along
 /// side other global constructors. For details see
 /// http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#intg_global_ctors
 void appendToGlobalCtors(Module &M, Function *F, int Priority,
                          Constant *Data = nullptr);
 
 /// Same as appendToGlobalCtors(), but for global dtors.
 void appendToGlobalDtors(Module &M, Function *F, int Priority,
                          Constant *Data = nullptr);
 
-/// \brief Given "llvm.used" or "llvm.compiler.used" as a global name, collect
-/// the initializer elements of that global in Set and return the global itself.
-GlobalVariable *collectUsedGlobalVariables(Module &M,
-                                           SmallPtrSetImpl<GlobalValue *> &Set,
-                                           bool CompilerUsed);
-
 // Validate the result of Module::getOrInsertFunction called for an interface
 // function of given sanitizer. If the instrumented module defines a function
 // with the same name, their prototypes must match, otherwise
 // getOrInsertFunction returns a bitcast.
 Function *checkSanitizerInterfaceFunction(Constant *FuncOrBitcast);
 
 /// \brief Creates sanitizer constructor function, and calls sanitizer's init
 /// function from it.

llvm/trunk/lib/Analysis/ModuleSummaryAnalysis.cpp

std::unique_ptr<GlobalValueInfo> GVInfo =
       llvm::make_unique<GlobalValueInfo>(0, std::move(GVarSummary));
   Index->addGlobalValueInfo(V.getName(), std::move(GVInfo));
 }
 
 ModuleSummaryIndexBuilder::ModuleSummaryIndexBuilder(
     const Module *M,
     std::function<BlockFrequencyInfo *(const Function &F)> Ftor)
     : Index(llvm::make_unique<ModuleSummaryIndex>()), M(M) {
+  // We cannot currently promote or rename anything that is in llvm.used,
+  // since any such value may have a use that won't see the new name.
+  // Specifically, any uses within inline assembly are not visible to the
+  // compiler. Prevent importing of any modules containing these uses by
+  // suppressing generation of the index. This also prevents importing
+  // into this module, which is also necessary to avoid needing to rename
+  // in case of a name clash between a local in this module and an imported
+  // global.
+  // FIXME: If we find we need a finer-grained approach of preventing promotion
+  // and renaming of just the functions using inline assembly we will need to:
+  // - Add flag in the function summaries to identify those with inline asm.
+  // - Prevent importing of any functions with flag set.
+  // - Prevent importing of any global function with the same name as a
+  //   function in current module that has the flag set.
+  // - For any llvm.used value that is exported and promoted, add a private
+  //   alias to the original name in the current module (even if we don't
+  //   export the function using those values in inline asm, another function
+  //   with a reference could be exported).
+  SmallPtrSet<GlobalValue *, 8> Used;
+  collectUsedGlobalVariables(*M, Used, /*CompilerUsed*/ false);
+  for (GlobalValue *V : Used) {
+    if (V->hasLocalLinkage())
+      return;
+  }
+
   // Compute summaries for all functions defined in module, and save in the
   // index.
   for (auto &F : *M) {
     if (F.isDeclaration())
       continue;
 
     BlockFrequencyInfo *BFI = nullptr;
     std::unique_ptr<BlockFrequencyInfo> BFIPtr;

llvm/trunk/lib/Bitcode/Writer/BitcodeWriter.cpp

 /// the module's bitcode.
 static void WritePerModuleGlobalValueSummary(const Module *M,
                                              const ModuleSummaryIndex &Index,
                                              const ValueEnumerator &VE,
                                              BitstreamWriter &Stream) {
   if (M->empty())
     return;
 
+  if (Index.begin() == Index.end())
+    return;
+
   Stream.EnterSubblock(bitc::GLOBALVAL_SUMMARY_BLOCK_ID, 3);
 
   // Abbrev for FS_PERMODULE.
   BitCodeAbbrev *Abbv = new BitCodeAbbrev();
   Abbv->Add(BitCodeAbbrevOp(bitc::FS_PERMODULE));
   Abbv->Add(BitCodeAbbrevOp(BitCodeAbbrevOp::VBR, 8));   // valueid
   Abbv->Add(BitCodeAbbrevOp(BitCodeAbbrevOp::Fixed, 5)); // linkage
   Abbv->Add(BitCodeAbbrevOp(BitCodeAbbrevOp::VBR, 8));   // instcount

llvm/trunk/lib/IR/Module.cpp

 //===-- Module.cpp - Implement the Module class ---------------------------===//
 //
 //                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
 //
 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // This file implements the Module class for the IR library.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
 #include "SymbolTableListTraitsImpl.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/GVMaterializer.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/InstrTypes.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"

 
 void Module::setProfileSummary(Metadata *M) {
   addModuleFlag(ModFlagBehavior::Error, "ProfileSummary", M);
 }
 
 Metadata *Module::getProfileSummary() {
   return getModuleFlag("ProfileSummary");
 }
+
+GlobalVariable *llvm::collectUsedGlobalVariables(
+    const Module &M, SmallPtrSetImpl<GlobalValue *> &Set, bool CompilerUsed) {
+  const char *Name = CompilerUsed ? "llvm.compiler.used" : "llvm.used";
+  GlobalVariable *GV = M.getGlobalVariable(Name);
+  if (!GV || !GV->hasInitializer())
+    return GV;
+
+  const ConstantArray *Init = cast<ConstantArray>(GV->getInitializer());
+  for (Value *Op : Init->operands()) {
+    GlobalValue *G = cast<GlobalValue>(Op->stripPointerCastsNoFollowAliases());
+    Set.insert(G);
+  }
+  return GV;
+}

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/IPO/GlobalOpt.cpp

 #include "llvm/Pass.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/MathExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/CtorUtils.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/Evaluator.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/GlobalStatus.h"
-#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h"
 #include <algorithm>
 using namespace llvm;
 
 #define DEBUG_TYPE "globalopt"
 
 STATISTIC(NumMarked    , "Number of globals marked constant");
 STATISTIC(NumUnnamed   , "Number of globals marked unnamed_addr");
 STATISTIC(NumSRA       , "Number of aggregate globals broken into scalars");

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/IPO/Internalize.cpp

 #include "llvm/ADT/StringSet.h"
 #include "llvm/Analysis/CallGraph.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
 #include "llvm/Pass.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/GlobalStatus.h"
-#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h"
 #include <fstream>
 #include <set>
 using namespace llvm;
 
 #define DEBUG_TYPE "internalize"
 
 STATISTIC(NumAliases, "Number of aliases internalized");
 STATISTIC(NumFunctions, "Number of functions internalized");

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.cpp

if (GO && GO->isDeclarationForLinker() && GO->hasComdat()) {
     // at this point would be a definition imported as available_externally.
     assert(GO->hasAvailableExternallyLinkage() &&
            "Expected comdat on definition (possibly available external)");
     GO->setComdat(nullptr);
   }
 }
 
 void FunctionImportGlobalProcessing::processGlobalsForThinLTO() {
+  // We cannot currently promote or rename anything that is in llvm.used,
+  // since any such value may have a use that won't see the new name.
+  // Specifically, any uses within inline assembly are not visible to the
+  // compiler. Prevent changing any such values on the exporting side,
+  // since we would already have guarded against an import from this module by
+  // suppressing its index generation. See comments on what is required
+  // in order to implement a finer grained solution in
+  // ModuleSummaryIndexBuilder::ModuleSummaryIndexBuilder().
+  SmallPtrSet<GlobalValue *, 8> Used;
+  collectUsedGlobalVariables(M, Used, /*CompilerUsed*/ false);
+  for (GlobalValue *V : Used) {
+    if (!V->hasLocalLinkage())
+      continue;
+    // We would have blocked importing from this module by suppressing index
+    // generation.
+    assert(!isPerformingImport() &&
+           "Should have blocked importing from module with local used");
+    return;
+  }
+
   for (GlobalVariable &GV : M.globals())
     processGlobalForThinLTO(GV);
   for (Function &SF : M)
     processGlobalForThinLTO(SF);
   for (GlobalAlias &GA : M.aliases())
     processGlobalForThinLTO(GA);
 }
 

llvm/trunk/lib/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.cpp

 //===-- ModuleUtils.cpp - Functions to manipulate Modules -----------------===//
 //
 //                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
 //
 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // This family of functions perform manipulations on Modules.
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
 #include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 
 using namespace llvm;
 

 void llvm::appendToGlobalCtors(Module &M, Function *F, int Priority, Constant *Data) {
   appendToGlobalArray("llvm.global_ctors", M, F, Priority, Data);
 }
 
 void llvm::appendToGlobalDtors(Module &M, Function *F, int Priority, Constant *Data) {
   appendToGlobalArray("llvm.global_dtors", M, F, Priority, Data);
 }
 
-GlobalVariable *
-llvm::collectUsedGlobalVariables(Module &M, SmallPtrSetImpl<GlobalValue *> &Set,
-                                 bool CompilerUsed) {
-  const char *Name = CompilerUsed ? "llvm.compiler.used" : "llvm.used";
-  GlobalVariable *GV = M.getGlobalVariable(Name);
-  if (!GV || !GV->hasInitializer())
-    return GV;
-
-  const ConstantArray *Init = cast<ConstantArray>(GV->getInitializer());
-  for (Value *Op : Init->operands()) {
-    GlobalValue *G = cast<GlobalValue>(Op->stripPointerCastsNoFollowAliases());
-    Set.insert(G);
-  }
-  return GV;
-}
-
 Function *llvm::checkSanitizerInterfaceFunction(Constant *FuncOrBitcast) {
   if (isa<Function>(FuncOrBitcast))
     return cast<Function>(FuncOrBitcast);
   FuncOrBitcast->dump();
   std::string Err;
   raw_string_ostream Stream(Err);
   Stream << "Sanitizer interface function redefined: " << *FuncOrBitcast;
   report_fatal_error(Err);

llvm/trunk/test/Transforms/FunctionImport/Inputs/inlineasm.ll

+@myvar = internal constant i8 1, align 1
[e-mail] = appending global [1 x i8*] [i8* @myvar], section "llvm.metadata"
+
+define void @foo(i64* %v) #0 {
+entry:
+  %v.addr = alloca i64*, align 8
+  store i64* %v, i64** %v.addr, align 8
+  %0 = load i64*, i64** %v.addr, align 8
+  call void asm sideeffect "movzbl     myvar(%rip), %eax\0A\09movq %rax, $0\0A\09", "=*m,~{eax},~{dirflag},~{fpsr},~{flags}"(i64* %0) #1
+  ret void
+}

llvm/trunk/test/Transforms/FunctionImport/inlineasm.ll

+; Do setup work for all below tests: generate bitcode and combined index
+; RUN: opt -module-summary %s -o %t.bc
+; RUN: opt -module-summary %p/Inputs/inlineasm.ll -o %t2.bc
+; RUN: llvm-lto -thinlto -o %t3 %t.bc %t2.bc
+
+; Attempt the import now, ensure below that file containing inline assembly
+; is not imported from. Otherwise we would need to promote its local variable
+; used in the inline assembly, which would not see the rename.
+; RUN: opt -function-import -summary-file %t3.thinlto.bc %t.bc -S 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK
+
+define i32 @main() #0 {
+entry:
+  %f = alloca i64, align 8
+  call void @foo(i64* %f)
+  ret i32 0
+}
+
+; CHECK: declare void @foo(i64*)
+declare void @foo(i64*) #1

llvm/trunk/tools/gold/gold-plugin.cpp

 #include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/ThreadPool.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/thread.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/IPO.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/PassManagerBuilder.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/FunctionImportUtils.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/GlobalStatus.h"
-#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ModuleUtils.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ValueMapper.h"
 #include <list>
 #include <plugin-api.h>
 #include <system_error>
 #include <vector>
 
 // FIXME: remove this declaration when we stop maintaining Ubuntu Quantal and
 // Precise and Debian Wheezy (binutils 2.23 is required)