[libc.search] [PATCH 4/6] add platform dependent defintions for swisstable

[SchrodingerZhu]

Summary

This patch includes platform dependent parts of swisstable. The common.h
includes defintions for BitMask, which is used to match ctrl bytes in
batch to determine empty/delete/full status (distinguished by the highest bit)
or check if there is matches of the second-level 7-bit hash. Different
platform may use different number of bits to represent the result: for SSE2,
a single bit is used; for other platforms, the match result are stored in
8 bits. To make the bitmask iteratable (that is you can iterate the offsets of matched byte),
at most one bit can be set for each group of bits that represents the result.
To check the existence or locate the lowest offset of such match, however,
there will be no need to keep only one set bit within the group.

Group structure is defined for different platforms separately to utilize the SIMD
instruction if possible. It is a just wrapper to load the memory of ctrl bytes and then
produce the BitMask.

[SchrodingerZhu]

Rebase

libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt

 add_subdirectory(OSUtil)
 add_subdirectory(StringUtil)
 
 # Thread support is used by other "File". So, we add the "threads"
 # before "File".
 add_subdirectory(threads)
 
 add_subdirectory(File)
+add_subdirectory(swisstable)

libc/src/__support/swisstable/CMakeLists.txt

+add_header_library(
+  dispatch
+  HDRS
+    dispatch.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .common
+    libc.src.__support.common
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  common
+  HDRS
+    common.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.builtin_wrappers
+)
 No newline at end of file

libc/src/__support/swisstable/asimd.h

+//===-- SwissTable ASIMD Specialization -------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_ASIMD_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_ASIMD_H
+
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/common.h"
+#include <arm_neon.h>
+
+namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable {
+
+// According to abseil-cpp, ARM's 16-byte ASIMD operations may
+// introduce too much latency.
+// Reference:
+// https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/commit/6481443560a92d0a3a55a31807de0cd712cd4f88
+// With ASIMD, some bitmasks are not iteratale. This is because we
+// do not want to clear the lower bits in each stride with extra
+// `AND` operation.
+using BitMask = BitMaskAdaptor<uint64_t, 0x8080808080808080ull, 0x8ull>;
+using IteratableBitMask = IteratableBitMaskAdaptor<BitMask>;
+
+struct Group {
+  int8x8_t data;
+
+  // Load a group of control words from an arbitary address.
+  static Group load(const void *__restrict addr) {
+    return {vld1_s8(static_cast<const int8_t *>(addr))};
+  }
+
+  // Load a group of control words from an aligned address.
+  // Notice that there is no difference of aligned/unaigned
+  // loading in ASIMD.
+  static Group aligned_load(const void *__restrict addr) {
+
+    return {vld1_s8(static_cast<const int8_t *>(addr))};
+  }
+
+  // Store a group of control words to an aligned address.
+  void aligned_store(void *addr) const {
+    vst1_s8(static_cast<int8_t *>(addr), data);
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to the given byte and return the bitmask
+  // with corresponding bits set.
+  IteratableBitMask match_byte(uint8_t byte) const {
+    auto duplicated = vdup_n_s8(byte);
+    auto cmp = vceq_s8(data, duplicated);
+    auto converted = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(cmp), 0);
+    return {converted & BitMask::MASK};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to EMPTY and return the bitmask
+  // with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_empty() const {
+    auto duplicated = vdup_n_s8(EMPTY);
+    auto cmp = vceq_s8(data, duplicated);
+    auto converted = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(cmp), 0);
+    return {converted};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to EMPTY or DELETE (highest bit set) and
+  // return the bitmask with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_empty_or_deleted() const {
+    auto converted = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_s8(data), 0);
+    return {converted & BitMask::MASK};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes reprensting full cells (without highest bit) and
+  // return the bitmask with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_full() const { return mask_empty_or_deleted().invert(); }
+
+  // Performs the following transformation on all bytes in the group:
+  // - `EMPTY => EMPTY`
+  // - `DELETED => EMPTY`
+  // - `FULL => DELETED`
+  Group convert_special_to_empty_and_full_to_deleted() const {
+    auto dup = vdup_n_s8(0x80);
+    auto zero = vdup_n_s8(0x00);
+    auto special = vcgt_s8(zero, data);
+    return vorr_s8(dup, vreinterpret_s8_u8(special));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_ASIMD_H

libc/src/__support/swisstable/common.h

+
+//===-- SwissTable Common Definitions ---------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_COMMON_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_COMMON_H
+
+#include <src/__support/builtin_wrappers.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable {
+// special values of the control byte
+using CtrlWord = uint8_t;
+using HashWord = uint64_t;
+constexpr static inline CtrlWord EMPTY = 0b11111111u;
+constexpr static inline CtrlWord DELETED = 0b10000000u;
+
+// Implementations of the bitmask.
+// The backend word type may vary depending on different microarchitectures.
+// For example, with X86 SSE2, the bitmask is just the 16bit unsigned integer
+// corresponding to lanes in a SIMD register.
+template <typename T, T WORD_MASK, size_t WORD_STRIDE> struct BitMaskAdaptor {
+  // A masked constant whose bits are all set.
+  constexpr static inline T MASK = WORD_MASK;
+  // A stride in the bitmask may use multiple bits.
+  constexpr static inline size_t STRIDE = WORD_STRIDE;
+
+  T word;
+
+  // Invert zeros and ones inside the word.
+  BitMaskAdaptor invert() const { return {static_cast<T>(word ^ WORD_MASK)}; }
+
+  // Operator helper to do bit manipulations.
+  BitMaskAdaptor operator^(T value) const {
+    return {static_cast<T>(this->word ^ value)};
+  }
+
+  // Check if any bit is set inside the word.
+  bool any_bit_set() const { return word != 0; }
+
+  // Count trailing zeros with respect to stride.
+  size_t trailing_zeros() const { return safe_ctz<T>(word) / WORD_STRIDE; }
+
+  // Count trailing zeros with respect to stride. (Assume the bitmask is none
+  // zero.)
+  size_t lowest_set_bit_nonzero() const {
+    return unsafe_ctz<T>(word) / WORD_STRIDE;
+  }
+
+  // Count leading zeros with respect to stride.
+  size_t leading_zeros() const {
+    // move the word to the highest location.
+    return safe_clz<T>(word) / WORD_STRIDE;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class BitMask> struct IteratableBitMaskAdaptor : public BitMask {
+  // Use the bitmask as an iterator. Update the state and return current lowest
+  // set bit. To make the bitmask iterable, each stride must contain 0 or exact
+  // 1 set bit.
+  void remove_lowest_bit() {
+    // Remove the last set bit inside the word:
+    //    word              = 011110100 (original value)
+    //    word - 1          = 011110011 (invert all bits up to the last set bit)
+    //    word & (word - 1) = 011110000 (value with the last bit cleared)
+    this->word = this->word & (this->word - 1);
+  }
+  using value_type = size_t;
+  using iterator = BitMask;
+  using const_iterator = BitMask;
+  size_t operator*() { return this->lowest_set_bit_nonzero(); }
+  IteratableBitMaskAdaptor &operator++() {
+    this->remove_lowest_bit();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  IteratableBitMaskAdaptor begin() { return *this; }
+  IteratableBitMaskAdaptor end() { return {0}; }
+  bool operator==(const IteratableBitMaskAdaptor &other) {
+    return this->word == other.word;
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const IteratableBitMaskAdaptor &other) {
+    return this->word != other.word;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_COMMON_H

libc/src/__support/swisstable/dispatch.h

+//===-- SwissTable Platform Dispatch ----------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_DISPATCH_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_DISPATCH_H
+#include "src/__support/architectures.h"
+#if defined(LLVM_LIBC_ARCH_X86_64) && defined(__SSE2__)
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/sse2.h"
+#elif defined(LLVM_LIBC_ARCH_ANY_ARM) && defined(__ARM_NEON) &&                \
+    defined(__ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/asimd.h"
+#else
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/generic.h"
+#endif
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_DISPATCH_H

libc/src/__support/swisstable/generic.h

+//===-- SwissTable Generic Fallback -----------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_GENERIC_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_GENERIC_H
+#include "src/__support/endian.h"
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/common.h"
+#include "src/string/memory_utils/memcpy_implementations.h"
+
+namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable {
+
+// Helper function to spread a byte across the whole word.
+// Accumutively, the procedure looks like:
+//    byte                  = 0x00000000000000ff
+//    byte | (byte << 8)    = 0x000000000000ffff
+//    byte | (byte << 16)   = 0x00000000ffffffff
+//    byte | (byte << 32)   = 0xffffffffffffffff
+constexpr static inline uintptr_t repeat(uintptr_t byte) {
+  size_t shift_amount = 8;
+  while (shift_amount < sizeof(uintptr_t) * 8) {
+    byte |= byte << shift_amount;
+    shift_amount <<= 1;
+  }
+  return byte;
+}
+
+using BitMask = BitMaskAdaptor<uintptr_t, repeat(0x80), 0x8ull>;
+using IteratableBitMask = IteratableBitMaskAdaptor<BitMask>;
+
+struct Group {
+  uintptr_t data;
+
+  // Load a group of control words from an arbitary address.
+  static Group load(const void *__restrict addr) {
+    uintptr_t data;
+    inline_memcpy(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&data),
+                  static_cast<const char *>(addr), sizeof(data));
+    return {data};
+  }
+
+  // Load a group of control words from an aligned address.
+  // Notice that there is no difference of aligned/unaigned
+  // loading in ASIMD.
+  static Group aligned_load(const void *__restrict addr) {
+    uintptr_t data = *static_cast<const uintptr_t *>(addr);
+    return {data};
+  }
+
+  // Store a group of control words to an aligned address.
+  void aligned_store(void *addr) const {
+    *static_cast<uintptr_t *>(addr) = data;
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to the given byte and return the bitmask
+  // with corresponding bits set.
+  IteratableBitMask match_byte(uint8_t byte) const {
+    // Given byte = 0x10, suppose the data is:
+    //
+    //       data = [ 0x10 | 0x10 | 0x00 | 0xF1 | ... ]
+    //
+    // First, we compare the byte using XOR operation:
+    //
+    //        [ 0x10 | 0x10 | 0x10 | 0x10 | ... ]   (0)
+    //      ^ [ 0x10 | 0x10 | 0x00 | 0xF1 | ... ]   (1)
+    //      = [ 0x00 | 0x00 | 0x10 | 0xE1 | ... ]   (2)
+    //
+    // Notice that the equal positions will now be 0x00, so if we substract 0x01
+    // respective to every byte, it will need to carry the substraction to upper
+    // bits (assume no carry from the hidden parts)
+    //        [ 0x00 | 0x00 | 0x10 | 0xE1 | ... ]   (2)
+    //      - [ 0x01 | 0x01 | 0x01 | 0x01 | ... ]   (3)
+    //      = [ 0xFE | 0xFF | 0x0F | 0xE0 | ... ]   (4)
+    //
+    // But there may be some bytes whose highest bit is already set after the
+    // xor operation. To rule out these positions, we AND them with the NOT
+    // of the XOR result:
+    //
+    //        [ 0xFF | 0xFF | 0xEF | 0x1E | ... ]   (5, NOT (2))
+    //      & [ 0xFE | 0xFF | 0x0F | 0xE0 | ... ]   (4)
+    //      = [ 0xFE | 0xFF | 0x0F | 0x10 | ... ]   (6)
+    //
+    // To make the bitmask iteratable, only one bit can be set in each stride.
+    // So we AND each byte with 0x80 and keep only the highest bit:
+    //
+    //        [ 0xFE | 0xFF | 0x0F | 0x10 | ... ]   (6)
+    //      & [ 0x80 | 0x80 | 0x80 | 0x80 | ... ]   (7)
+    //      = [ 0x80 | 0x80 | 0x00 | 0x00 | ... ]   (8)
+    //
+    // However, there are possitbilites for false positives. For example, if the
+    // data is [ 0x10 | 0x11 | 0x10 | 0xF1 | ... ]. This only happens when there
+    // is a key only differs from the searched by the lowest bit. The claims
+    // are:
+    //
+    //  - This never happens for `EMPTY` and `DELETED`, only full entries.
+    //  - The check for key equality will catch these.
+    //  - This only happens if there is at least 1 true match.
+    //  - The chance of this happening is very low (< 1% chance per byte).
+    auto cmp = data ^ repeat(byte);
+    auto result = __llvm_libc::Endian::to_little_endian((cmp - repeat(0x01)) &
+                                                        ~cmp & repeat(0x80));
+    return {result};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to EMPTY and return the bitmask
+  // with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_empty() const {
+    // If the high bit is set, then the byte must be either:
+    // 1111_1111 (EMPTY) or 1000_0000 (DELETED).
+    // So we can just check if the top two bits are 1 by ANDing them.
+    return {__llvm_libc::Endian::to_little_endian(data & (data << 1) &
+                                                  repeat(0x80))};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to EMPTY or DELETE (highest bit set) and
+  // return the bitmask with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_empty_or_deleted() const {
+    return {__llvm_libc::Endian::to_little_endian(data) & repeat(0x80)};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes reprensting full cells (without highest bit) and
+  // return the bitmask with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_full() const { return mask_empty_or_deleted().invert(); }
+
+  // Performs the following transformation on all bytes in the group:
+  // - `EMPTY => EMPTY`
+  // - `DELETED => EMPTY`
+  // - `FULL => DELETED`
+  Group convert_special_to_empty_and_full_to_deleted() const {
+    // Set the highest bit only for positions whose highest bit is not set
+    // before.
+    //
+    //   data = [ 00000000 | 11111111 | 10000000 | ... ]
+    //  ~data = [ 11111111 | 00000000 | 00000000 | ... ]
+    //   full = [ 10000000 | 00000000 | 00000000 | ... ]
+
+    auto full = (~data) & repeat(0x80);
+
+    // Inverse the bit and convert `01111111` to `1000000` by
+    // add `1` in that bit. The carry will not propogate outside
+    // that byte:
+    //      ~full = [ 01111111 | 11111111 | 11111111 | ... ]
+    //  full >> 1 = [ 00000001 | 00000000 | 00000000 | ... ]
+    //     result = [ 10000000 | 11111111 | 11111111 | ... ]
+    return {~full + (full >> 1)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_GENERIC_H

libc/src/__support/swisstable/sse2.h

+//===-- SwissTable SSE2 Specialization --------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_SSE2_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_SSE2_H
+
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/common.h"
+#include <emmintrin.h>
+
+namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable {
+
+// With SSE2, every bitmask is iteratable: because
+// we use single bit to encode the data.
+
+using BitMask = BitMaskAdaptor<uint16_t, 0xffffu, 0x1u>;
+using IteratableBitMask = IteratableBitMaskAdaptor<BitMask>;
+
+struct Group {
+  __m128i data;
+
+  // Load a group of control words from an arbitary address.
+  static Group load(const void *__restrict addr) {
+    return {_mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i *>(addr))};
+  }
+
+  // Load a group of control words from an aligned address.
+  static Group aligned_load(const void *__restrict addr) {
+    return {_mm_load_si128(static_cast<const __m128i *>(addr))};
+  }
+
+  // Store a group of control words to an aligned address.
+  void aligned_store(void *addr) const {
+    _mm_store_si128(static_cast<__m128i *>(addr), data);
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to the given byte and return the bitmask
+  // with corresponding bits set.
+  IteratableBitMask match_byte(uint8_t byte) const {
+    auto cmp = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(data, _mm_set1_epi8(byte));
+    auto bitmask = static_cast<uint16_t>(_mm_movemask_epi8(cmp));
+    return {bitmask};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to EMPTY and return the bitmask
+  // with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_empty() const { return match_byte(EMPTY); }
+
+  // Find out the lanes equal to EMPTY or DELETE (highest bit set) and
+  // return the bitmask with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_empty_or_deleted() const {
+    auto bitmask = static_cast<uint16_t>(_mm_movemask_epi8(data));
+    return {bitmask};
+  }
+
+  // Find out the lanes reprensting full cells (without highest bit) and
+  // return the bitmask with corresponding bits set.
+  BitMask mask_full() const { return mask_empty_or_deleted().invert(); }
+
+  // Performs the following transformation on all bytes in the group:
+  // - `EMPTY => EMPTY`
+  // - `DELETED => EMPTY`
+  // - `FULL => DELETED`
+  Group convert_special_to_empty_and_full_to_deleted() const {
+    // Recall that EMPTY and DELETED are distinguished from others in
+    // their highest bit. This makes them negative when considered as
+    // signed integer. And for full ones, highest bits are all zeros.
+    // So we first identify those lanes smaller than or equal to zero
+    // and then convert them by setting the highest bit of them.
+    __m128i zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
+    __m128i special = _mm_cmpgt_epi8(zero, data);
+    __m128i converted = _mm_or_si128(special, _mm_set1_epi8(0x80u));
+    return {converted};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SUPPORT_SWISSTABLE_SSE2_H

libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt

add_custom_command(TARGET libc_str_to_float_comparison_test
                    DEPENDS ${float_test_file}
                    COMMENT "Test the strtof and strtod implementations against precomputed results." 
                    VERBATIM)
 
 add_subdirectory(CPP)
 add_subdirectory(File)
 add_subdirectory(OSUtil)
 add_subdirectory(FPUtil)
+add_subdirectory(swisstable)

libc/test/src/__support/swisstable/CMakeLists.txt

+add_libc_unittest(
+  bitmask_test
+  SUITE
+    libc_support_unittests
+  SRCS
+    bitmask_test.cpp
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.swisstable.dispatch
+)
+
+add_libc_unittest(
+  group_test
+  SUITE
+    libc_support_unittests
+  SRCS
+    group_test.cpp
+  COMPILE_OPTIONS
+    -DSWISSTABLE_TEST_USE_GENERIC_GROUP=0
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.string.memcmp
+    libc.src.__support.swisstable.dispatch
+)
+
+add_libc_unittest(
+  group_generic_test
+  SUITE
+    libc_support_unittests
+  SRCS
+    group_test.cpp
+  COMPILE_OPTIONS
+    -DSWISSTABLE_TEST_USE_GENERIC_GROUP=1
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.string.memcmp
+    libc.src.__support.swisstable.dispatch
+)

libc/test/src/__support/swisstable/bitmask_test.cpp

+#include "src/__support/swisstable/dispatch.h"
+#include "utils/UnitTest/LibcTest.h"
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable {
+
+using ShortBitMask = BitMaskAdaptor<uint16_t, 0xffff, 1>;
+using LargeBitMask = BitMaskAdaptor<uint64_t, 0x80'80'80'80'80'80'80'80, 8>;
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, Invert) {
+  {
+    auto x = ShortBitMask{0b10101010'10101010};
+    ASSERT_EQ(x.invert().word, static_cast<uint16_t>(0b010101010'1010101));
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto x = LargeBitMask{0x80808080'00000000};
+    ASSERT_EQ(x.invert().word, static_cast<uint64_t>(0x00000000'80808080));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, SingleBitStrideLeadingZeros) {
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x8808}.leading_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0808}.leading_zeros(), size_t{4});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0408}.leading_zeros(), size_t{5});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0208}.leading_zeros(), size_t{6});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0108}.leading_zeros(), size_t{7});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0008}.leading_zeros(), size_t{12});
+
+  uint16_t data = 0xffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{data}.leading_zeros(), i);
+    data >>= 1;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, MultiBitStrideLeadingZeros) {
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x00808080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{1});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x00000080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{3});
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x01808080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x10000080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x0F808080'80808080}.leading_zeros(), size_t{0});
+
+  uint64_t data = 0xffff'ffff'ffff'ffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{data}.leading_zeros(), i);
+      data >>= 1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, SingleBitStrideTrailingZeros) {
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x8808}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{3});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0804}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{2});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0802}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{1});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0801}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x0800}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{11});
+  ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{0x1000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{12});
+
+  uint16_t data = 0xffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{data}.trailing_zeros(), i);
+    data <<= 1;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, MultiBitStrideTrailingZeros) {
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80808080}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{0});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80808000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{1});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80804000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{1});
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80800000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{2});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'80000000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{3});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808080'00000000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{4});
+  ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{0x80808000'00000000}.trailing_zeros(), size_t{5});
+
+  uint64_t data = 0xffff'ffff'ffff'ffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{data}.trailing_zeros(), i);
+      data <<= 1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, SingleBitStrideLowestSetBit) {
+  uint16_t data = 0xffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+    if (ShortBitMask{data}.any_bit_set()) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(ShortBitMask{data}.lowest_set_bit_nonzero(), i);
+      data <<= 1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, MultiBitStrideLowestSetBit) {
+  uint64_t data = 0xffff'ffff'ffff'ffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+      if (LargeBitMask{data}.any_bit_set()) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(LargeBitMask{data}.lowest_set_bit_nonzero(), i);
+        data <<= 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, SingleBitStrideIteration) {
+  using Iter = IteratableBitMaskAdaptor<ShortBitMask>;
+  uint16_t data = 0xffff;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+    Iter iter = {data};
+    size_t j = i;
+    for (auto x : iter) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(x, j);
+      j++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(j, size_t{16});
+    data <<= 1;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableBitMask, MultiBitStrideIteration) {
+  using Iter = IteratableBitMaskAdaptor<LargeBitMask>;
+  uint64_t data = Iter::MASK;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+    Iter iter = {data};
+    size_t j = i;
+    for (auto x : iter) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(x, j);
+      j++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(j, size_t{8});
+    data <<= Iter::STRIDE;
+  }
+}
+} // namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable

libc/test/src/__support/swisstable/group_test.cpp

+#include <stddef.h>
+#if SWISSTABLE_TEST_USE_GENERIC_GROUP
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/generic.h"
+#define SWISSTABLE_TEST_SUITE(X) TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableGroupGeneric, X)
+#else
+#include "src/__support/swisstable/dispatch.h"
+#define SWISSTABLE_TEST_SUITE(X) TEST(LlvmLibcSwissTableGroup, X)
+#endif
+#include "src/string/memcmp.h"
+#include "utils/UnitTest/LibcTest.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable {
+
+struct ByteArray {
+  alignas(Group) uint8_t data[sizeof(Group) + 1]{};
+};
+
+SWISSTABLE_TEST_SUITE(LoadStore) {
+  ByteArray array{};
+  ByteArray compare{};
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(array.data); ++i) {
+    array.data[i] = 0xff;
+    auto group = Group::aligned_load(array.data);
+    group.aligned_store(compare.data);
+    EXPECT_EQ(__llvm_libc::memcmp(compare.data, array.data, sizeof(Group)), 0);
+    group = Group::load(&array.data[1]);
+    group.aligned_store(compare.data);
+    EXPECT_EQ(__llvm_libc::memcmp(compare.data, &array.data[1], sizeof(Group)),
+              0);
+    array.data[i] = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+SWISSTABLE_TEST_SUITE(Match) {
+  // Any pair of targets have bit differences not only at the lowest bit.
+  // No False positive.
+  uint8_t targets[4] = {0x00, 0x11, 0xFF, 0x0F};
+  size_t count[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+  size_t appearance[4][sizeof(Group)];
+  ByteArray array{};
+
+  uintptr_t random = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&array) ^
+                     reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(aligned_alloc);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(Group); ++i) {
+    size_t choice = random % 4;
+    random /= 4;
+    array.data[i] = targets[choice];
+    appearance[choice][count[choice]++] = i;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t t = 0; t < sizeof(targets); ++t) {
+    auto bitmask = Group::aligned_load(array.data).match_byte(targets[t]);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count[t]; ++i) {
+      size_t iterated = 0;
+      for (size_t position : bitmask) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(appearance[t][iterated], position);
+        iterated++;
+      }
+      ASSERT_EQ(count[t], iterated);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+SWISSTABLE_TEST_SUITE(MaskEmpty) {
+  uint8_t values[4] = {0x00, 0x0F, DELETED, EMPTY};
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(Group); ++i) {
+    ByteArray array{};
+
+    intptr_t random = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&array) ^
+                      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(aligned_alloc);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Group::aligned_load(array.data).mask_empty().any_bit_set());
+
+    array.data[i] = EMPTY;
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < sizeof(Group); ++j) {
+      if (i == j)
+        continue;
+      size_t sample_space = 3 + (j > i);
+      size_t choice = random % sample_space;
+      random /= sizeof(values);
+      array.data[j] = values[choice];
+    }
+
+    auto mask = Group::aligned_load(array.data).mask_empty();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mask.any_bit_set());
+    ASSERT_EQ(mask.lowest_set_bit_nonzero(), i);
+  }
+}
+
+SWISSTABLE_TEST_SUITE(MaskEmptyOrDeleted) {
+  uint8_t values[4] = {0x00, 0x0F, DELETED, EMPTY};
+  for (size_t t = 2; t <= 3; ++t) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(Group); ++i) {
+      ByteArray array{};
+
+      intptr_t random = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&array) ^
+                        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(aligned_alloc);
+      ASSERT_FALSE(Group::aligned_load(array.data)
+                       .mask_empty_or_deleted()
+                       .any_bit_set());
+
+      array.data[i] = values[t];
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < sizeof(Group); ++j) {
+        if (i == j)
+          continue;
+        size_t sample_space = 2 + 2 * (j > i);
+        size_t choice = random % sample_space;
+        random /= sizeof(values);
+        array.data[j] = values[choice];
+      }
+
+      auto mask = Group::aligned_load(array.data).mask_empty_or_deleted();
+      ASSERT_TRUE(mask.any_bit_set());
+      ASSERT_EQ(mask.lowest_set_bit_nonzero(), i);
+    }
+  }
+}
+} // namespace __llvm_libc::internal::swisstable