The assert is triggered when there is a template function whose return type is a protocol without an object type (e.g., "<P1>"). clang treats such a protocol as a synonym for "id<P1>" and sets ObjCObjectTypeLocInfo::HasBaseTypeAsWritten to false in Sema::actOnObjCProtocolQualifierType, which later causes an assert in TreeTransform<Derived>::TransformObjCObjectType.
assert(TL.hasBaseTypeAsWritten() && "Can't be dependent");
I'm not sure what hasBaseTypeAsWritten is used for. But it seemed to me that it doesn't necessarily indicate whether the type is a dependent type, so I've removed the assert.