diff --git a/mlir/unittests/CMakeLists.txt b/mlir/unittests/CMakeLists.txt
--- a/mlir/unittests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/mlir/unittests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,5 +10,6 @@
 add_subdirectory(Interfaces)
 add_subdirectory(IR)
 add_subdirectory(Pass)
+add_subdirectory(Rewrite)
 add_subdirectory(SDBM)
 add_subdirectory(TableGen)
diff --git a/mlir/unittests/Rewrite/CMakeLists.txt b/mlir/unittests/Rewrite/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mlir/unittests/Rewrite/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+add_mlir_unittest(MLIRRewriteTests
+  PatternBenefit.cpp
+)
+target_link_libraries(MLIRRewriteTests
+  PRIVATE
+  MLIRRewrite
+  MLIRTransformUtils)
diff --git a/mlir/unittests/Rewrite/PatternBenefit.cpp b/mlir/unittests/Rewrite/PatternBenefit.cpp
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mlir/unittests/Rewrite/PatternBenefit.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//===- PatternBenefit.cpp - RewritePattern benefit unit tests -------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
+#include "mlir/Rewrite/PatternApplicator.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace {
+TEST(PatternBenefitTest, BenefitOrder) {
+  // There was a bug which caused low-benefit op-specific patterns to never be
+  // called in presence of high-benefit op-agnostic pattern
+
+  MLIRContext context;
+
+  OpBuilder builder(&context);
+  auto module = ModuleOp::create(builder.getUnknownLoc());
+
+  struct Pattern1 : public OpRewritePattern<ModuleOp> {
+    Pattern1(mlir::MLIRContext *context, bool *called)
+        : OpRewritePattern<ModuleOp>(context, /*benefit*/ 1), called(called) {}
+
+    mlir::LogicalResult
+    matchAndRewrite(ModuleOp /*op*/,
+                    mlir::PatternRewriter & /*rewriter*/) const override {
+      *called = true;
+      return failure();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    bool *called;
+  };
+
+  struct Pattern2 : public RewritePattern {
+    Pattern2(bool *called)
+        : RewritePattern(/*benefit*/ 2, MatchAnyOpTypeTag{}), called(called) {}
+
+    mlir::LogicalResult
+    matchAndRewrite(Operation * /*op*/,
+                    mlir::PatternRewriter & /*rewriter*/) const override {
+      *called = true;
+      return failure();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    bool *called;
+  };
+
+  OwningRewritePatternList patterns;
+
+  bool called1 = false;
+  bool called2 = false;
+
+  patterns.insert<Pattern1>(&context, &called1);
+  patterns.insert<Pattern2>(&called2);
+
+  FrozenRewritePatternList frozenPatterns(std::move(patterns));
+  PatternApplicator pa(frozenPatterns);
+  pa.applyDefaultCostModel();
+
+  class MyPatternRewriter : public PatternRewriter {
+  public:
+    MyPatternRewriter(MLIRContext *ctx) : PatternRewriter(ctx) {}
+  };
+
+  MyPatternRewriter rewriter(&context);
+  (void)pa.matchAndRewrite(module, rewriter);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(called1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(called2);
+}
+} // namespace