diff --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/XRefsTests.cpp b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/XRefsTests.cpp
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/XRefsTests.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/XRefsTests.cpp
@@ -948,6 +948,12 @@
         int [[v^ar]] = 0;
         void foo(int s = [[var]]);
       )cpp",
+
+      R"cpp(
+       template <typename T>
+       class [[Fo^o]] {};
+       void func([[Foo]]<int>);
+      )cpp",
   };
   for (const char *Test : Tests) {
     Annotations T(Test);
diff --git a/clang/lib/Index/IndexingContext.cpp b/clang/lib/Index/IndexingContext.cpp
--- a/clang/lib/Index/IndexingContext.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/Index/IndexingContext.cpp
@@ -169,6 +169,10 @@
   }
   switch (TKind) {
     case TSK_Undeclared:
+      // Instantiation maybe not happen yet when we see a SpecializationDecl,
+      // e.g. when the type doesn't need to be complete, we still treat it as an
+      // instantiation as we'd like to keep the canonicalized result consistent.
+      return isa<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(D);
     case TSK_ExplicitSpecialization:
       return false;
     case TSK_ImplicitInstantiation:
@@ -206,7 +210,12 @@
 static const Decl *adjustTemplateImplicitInstantiation(const Decl *D) {
   if (const ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl *
       SD = dyn_cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(D)) {
-    return SD->getTemplateInstantiationPattern();
+    const auto *Template = SD->getTemplateInstantiationPattern();
+    if (Template)
+      return Template;
+    // Fallback to primary template if no instantiation is available yet (e.g.
+    // the type doesn't need to be complete).
+    return SD->getSpecializedTemplate()->getTemplatedDecl();
   } else if (const FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D)) {
     return FD->getTemplateInstantiationPattern();
   } else if (auto *VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(D)) {
diff --git a/clang/test/Index/Core/index-instantiated-source.cpp b/clang/test/Index/Core/index-instantiated-source.cpp
--- a/clang/test/Index/Core/index-instantiated-source.cpp
+++ b/clang/test/Index/Core/index-instantiated-source.cpp
@@ -86,3 +86,37 @@
   (void)TT::NestedType::Enum::EnumCase;
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:31 | enumerator/C | EnumCase | c:@ST>2#T#T@TemplateClass@S@NestedType@E@Enum@EnumCase |
 }
+
+namespace index_specialization {
+template <typename T>
+class Foo {};
+
+// if there are no explicit template specializations provided, report the
+// primary templates.
+Foo<int> *t1; // incomplete instantiation.
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:1 | class(Gen)/C++ | Foo | c:@N@index_specialization@ST>1#T@Foo | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
+
+Foo<double> t2;
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:1 | class(Gen)/C++ | Foo | c:@N@index_specialization@ST>1#T@Foo | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
+
+// explicit instantiations.
+template class Foo<float>;
+Foo<float> t3;
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:1 | class(Gen)/C++ | Foo | c:@N@index_specialization@ST>1#T@Foo | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
+
+
+template <typename T>
+class Bar {};
+
+// explicit template specialization definition!
+template <>class Bar<int> {};
+// report the explicit template specialization if it exists.
+Bar<int> *b1;
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:1 | class(Gen,TS)/C++ | Bar | c:@N@index_specialization@S@Bar>#I | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
+
+// explicit template declaration, not a definition!
+template <> class Bar <float>;
+Bar<float> *b2;
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:1 | class(Gen,TS)/C++ | Bar | c:@N@index_specialization@S@Bar>#f | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
+
+} // namespace index_specialization
diff --git a/clang/test/Index/Core/index-source.cpp b/clang/test/Index/Core/index-source.cpp
--- a/clang/test/Index/Core/index-source.cpp
+++ b/clang/test/Index/Core/index-source.cpp
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
 void functionSp<SpecializationDecl<Cls>, Record::C>() {
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:6 | function(Gen,TS)/C++ | functionSp | c:@F@functionSp<#$@S@SpecializationDecl>#$@S@Cls#VI2># | __Z10functionSpI18SpecializationDeclI3ClsELi2EEvv | Def,RelSpecialization | rel: 1
 // CHECK:   RelSpecialization | functionSp | c:@FT@>2#T#NIfunctionSp#v#
-// CHECK: [[@LINE-3]]:17 | class(Gen,TS)/C++ | SpecializationDecl | c:@S@SpecializationDecl>#$@S@Cls | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-3]]:17 | class(Gen)/C++ | SpecializationDecl | c:@ST>1#T@SpecializationDecl | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-4]]:36 | class/C++ | Cls | c:@S@Cls | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-5]]:50 | static-property/C++ | C | c:@S@Record@C | __ZN6Record1CE | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-6]]:42 | struct/C++ | Record | c:@S@Record | <no-cgname> | Ref,RelCont | rel: 1
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
 
 template<>
 class ClassWithCorrectSpecialization<SpecializationDecl<Cls>, Record::C> { };
-// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:38 | class(Gen,TS)/C++ | SpecializationDecl | c:@S@SpecializationDecl>#$@S@Cls | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:38 | class(Gen)/C++ | SpecializationDecl | c:@ST>1#T@SpecializationDecl | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-2]]:57 | class/C++ | Cls | c:@S@Cls | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-3]]:71 | static-property/C++ | C | c:@S@Record@C | __ZN6Record1CE | Ref,Read | rel: 0
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-4]]:63 | struct/C++ | Record | c:@S@Record | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@
 // CHECK-NEXT: [[@LINE-2]]:19 | field/C++ | t | c:@ST>1#T@Guided@FI@t | <no-cgname> | Def,RelChild | rel: 1
 // CHECK-NEXT: RelChild | Guided | c:@ST>1#T@Guided
 Guided(double) -> Guided<float>;
-// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:19 | struct(Gen,TS)/C++ | Guided | c:@S@Guided>#f | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
+// CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:19 | struct(Gen)/C++ | Guided | c:@ST>1#T@Guided | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
 // CHECK-NEXT: [[@LINE-2]]:1 | struct(Gen)/C++ | Guided | c:@ST>1#T@Guided | <no-cgname> | Ref | rel: 0
 auto guided = Guided{1.0};
 // CHECK: [[@LINE-1]]:6 | variable/C | guided | c:@guided | _guided | Def | rel: 0