diff --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/XRefs.cpp b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/XRefs.cpp
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/XRefs.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/XRefs.cpp
@@ -672,9 +672,18 @@
   const SourceManager &SM = AST.getSourceManager();
   SourceLocation SourceLocationBeg = SM.getMacroArgExpandedLocation(
       getBeginningOfIdentifier(Pos, SM, AST.getLangOpts()));
-  DeclRelationSet Relations =
-      DeclRelation::TemplatePattern | DeclRelation::Underlying;
-  auto Decls = getDeclAtPosition(AST, SourceLocationBeg, Relations);
+  unsigned Offset =
+      AST.getSourceManager().getDecomposedSpellingLoc(SourceLocationBeg).second;
+  SelectionTree Selection(AST.getASTContext(), AST.getTokens(), Offset);
+  const SelectionTree::Node *N = Selection.commonAncestor();
+  if (!N)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  // Note: explicitReferenceTargets() will search for both template
+  // instantiations and template patterns, and prefer the former if available
+  // (generally, one will be available for non-dependent specializations of a
+  // class template).
+  auto Decls = explicitReferenceTargets(N->ASTNode, DeclRelation::Underlying);
   if (Decls.empty())
     return nullptr;
 
@@ -700,6 +709,13 @@
 std::vector<const CXXRecordDecl *> typeParents(const CXXRecordDecl *CXXRD) {
   std::vector<const CXXRecordDecl *> Result;
 
+  // If this is an invalid instantiation, instantiation of the bases
+  // may not have succeeded, so fall back to the template pattern.
+  if (auto *CTSD = dyn_cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(CXXRD)) {
+    if (CTSD->isInvalidDecl())
+      CXXRD = CTSD->getSpecializedTemplate()->getTemplatedDecl();
+  }
+
   for (auto Base : CXXRD->bases()) {
     const CXXRecordDecl *ParentDecl = nullptr;
 
@@ -754,6 +770,11 @@
     Result->children.emplace();
 
     if (Index) {
+      // The index does not store relationships between implicit
+      // specializations, so if we have one, use the template pattern instead.
+      if (auto *CTSD = dyn_cast<ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl>(CXXRD))
+        CXXRD = CTSD->getTemplateInstantiationPattern();
+
       if (Optional<SymbolID> ID = getSymbolID(CXXRD))
         fillSubTypes(*ID, *Result->children, Index, ResolveLevels, TUPath);
     }
diff --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/TypeHierarchyTests.cpp b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/TypeHierarchyTests.cpp
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/TypeHierarchyTests.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/TypeHierarchyTests.cpp
@@ -409,17 +409,21 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(!AST.getDiagnostics().empty());
 
   // Make sure getTypeHierarchy() doesn't get into an infinite recursion.
-  // FIXME(nridge): It would be preferable if the type hierarchy gave us type
-  // names (e.g. "S<0>" for the child and "S<1>" for the parent) rather than
-  // template names (e.g. "S").
+  // The parent is reported as "S" because "S<0>" is an invalid instantiation.
+  // We then iterate once more and find "S" again before detecting the
+  // recursion.
   llvm::Optional<TypeHierarchyItem> Result = getTypeHierarchy(
       AST, Source.points()[0], 0, TypeHierarchyDirection::Parents);
   ASSERT_TRUE(bool(Result));
   EXPECT_THAT(
       *Result,
-      AllOf(WithName("S"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
-            Parents(AllOf(WithName("S"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
-                          SelectionRangeIs(Source.range("SDef")), Parents()))));
+      AllOf(WithName("S<0>"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+            Parents(
+                AllOf(WithName("S"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+                      SelectionRangeIs(Source.range("SDef")),
+                      Parents(AllOf(WithName("S"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+                                    SelectionRangeIs(Source.range("SDef")),
+                                    Parents()))))));
 }
 
 TEST(TypeHierarchy, RecursiveHierarchyBounded) {
@@ -449,9 +453,12 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(bool(Result));
   EXPECT_THAT(
       *Result,
-      AllOf(WithName("S"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
-            Parents(AllOf(WithName("S"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
-                          SelectionRangeIs(Source.range("SDef")), Parents()))));
+      AllOf(WithName("S<2>"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+            Parents(AllOf(
+                WithName("S<1>"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+                SelectionRangeIs(Source.range("SDef")),
+                Parents(AllOf(WithName("S<0>"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+                              Parents()))))));
   Result = getTypeHierarchy(AST, Source.point("SRefDependent"), 0,
                             TypeHierarchyDirection::Parents);
   ASSERT_TRUE(bool(Result));
@@ -462,6 +469,83 @@
                           SelectionRangeIs(Source.range("SDef")), Parents()))));
 }
 
+TEST(TypeHierarchy, DeriveFromImplicitSpec) {
+  Annotations Source(R"cpp(
+  template <typename T>
+  struct Parent {};
+
+  struct Child : Parent<int> {};
+
+  Parent<int> Fo^o;
+  )cpp");
+
+  TestTU TU = TestTU::withCode(Source.code());
+  auto AST = TU.build();
+  auto Index = TU.index();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(AST.getDiagnostics().empty());
+
+  llvm::Optional<TypeHierarchyItem> Result = getTypeHierarchy(
+      AST, Source.points()[0], 2, TypeHierarchyDirection::Children, Index.get(),
+      testPath(TU.Filename));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(bool(Result));
+  EXPECT_THAT(*Result,
+              AllOf(WithName("Parent<int>"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+                    Children(AllOf(WithName("Child"),
+                                   WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct), Children()))));
+}
+
+TEST(TypeHierarchy, DeriveFromPartialSpec) {
+  Annotations Source(R"cpp(
+  template <typename T> struct Parent {};
+  template <typename T> struct Parent<T*> {};
+
+  struct Child : Parent<int*> {};
+
+  Parent<int> Fo^o;
+  )cpp");
+
+  TestTU TU = TestTU::withCode(Source.code());
+  auto AST = TU.build();
+  auto Index = TU.index();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(AST.getDiagnostics().empty());
+
+  llvm::Optional<TypeHierarchyItem> Result = getTypeHierarchy(
+      AST, Source.points()[0], 2, TypeHierarchyDirection::Children, Index.get(),
+      testPath(TU.Filename));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(bool(Result));
+  EXPECT_THAT(*Result, AllOf(WithName("Parent<int>"),
+                             WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct), Children()));
+}
+
+TEST(TypeHierarchy, DeriveFromTemplate) {
+  Annotations Source(R"cpp(
+  template <typename T>
+  struct Parent {};
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct Child : Parent<T> {};
+
+  Parent<int> Fo^o;
+  )cpp");
+
+  TestTU TU = TestTU::withCode(Source.code());
+  auto AST = TU.build();
+  auto Index = TU.index();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(AST.getDiagnostics().empty());
+
+  // FIXME: We'd like this to return the implicit specialization Child<int>,
+  //        but currently libIndex does not expose relationships between
+  //        implicit specializations.
+  llvm::Optional<TypeHierarchyItem> Result = getTypeHierarchy(
+      AST, Source.points()[0], 2, TypeHierarchyDirection::Children, Index.get(),
+      testPath(TU.Filename));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(bool(Result));
+  EXPECT_THAT(*Result,
+              AllOf(WithName("Parent<int>"), WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct),
+                    Children(AllOf(WithName("Child"),
+                                   WithKind(SymbolKind::Struct), Children()))));
+}
+
 SymbolID findSymbolIDByName(SymbolIndex *Index, llvm::StringRef Name,
                             llvm::StringRef TemplateArgs = "") {
   SymbolID Result;