diff --git a/clang/include/clang/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.h b/clang/include/clang/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.h
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clang/include/clang/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.h
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//===--- Stencil.h - Stencil class ------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+///
+/// /file
+/// This file defines the *Stencil* abstraction: a code-generating object,
+/// parameterized by named references to (bound) AST nodes.  Given a match
+/// result, a stencil can be evaluated to a string of source code.
+///
+/// A stencil is similar in spirit to a format string: it is composed of a
+/// series of raw text strings, references to nodes (the parameters) and helper
+/// code-generation operations.
+///
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_CLANG_TOOLING_REFACTOR_STENCIL_H_
+#define LLVM_CLANG_TOOLING_REFACTOR_STENCIL_H_
+
+#include "NodeId.h"
+#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
+#include "clang/AST/ASTTypeTraits.h"
+#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchFinder.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace tooling {
+
+/// A stencil is represented as a sequence of "parts" that can each individually
+/// generate a code string based on a match result.  The different kinds of
+/// parts include (raw) text, references to bound nodes and assorted operations
+/// on bound nodes.
+///
+/// Users can create custom Stencil operations by implementing this interface.
+class StencilPartInterface {
+public:
+  virtual ~StencilPartInterface() = default;
+
+  /// Evaluates this part to a string and appends it to `result`.
+  virtual llvm::Error eval(const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match,
+                           std::string *Result) const = 0;
+
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<StencilPartInterface> clone() const = 0;
+
+  virtual bool isEqual(const StencilPartInterface &other) const = 0;
+
+  const void *typeId() const { return TypeId; }
+
+protected:
+  StencilPartInterface(const void *DerivedId) : TypeId(DerivedId) {}
+
+  // Since this is an abstract class, copying/assigning only make sense for
+  // derived classes implementing `clone()`.
+  StencilPartInterface(const StencilPartInterface &) = default;
+  StencilPartInterface &operator=(const StencilPartInterface &) = default;
+
+  /// Unique identifier of the concrete type of this instance.  Supports safe
+  /// downcasting.
+  const void *TypeId;
+};
+
+/// A copyable facade for a std::unique_ptr<StencilPartInterface>. Copies result
+/// in a copy of the underlying pointee object.
+class StencilPart {
+public:
+  explicit StencilPart(std::unique_ptr<StencilPartInterface> Impl)
+      : Impl(std::move(Impl)) {}
+
+  // Copy constructor/assignment produce a deep copy.
+  StencilPart(const StencilPart &P) : Impl(P.Impl->clone()) {}
+  StencilPart(StencilPart &&) = default;
+  StencilPart &operator=(const StencilPart &P) {
+    Impl = P.Impl->clone();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  StencilPart &operator=(StencilPart &&) = default;
+
+  /// See `StencilPartInterface::eval()`.
+  llvm::Error eval(const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match,
+                   std::string *Result) const {
+    return Impl->eval(Match, Result);
+  }
+
+  bool operator==(const StencilPart &Other) const {
+    if (Impl == Other.Impl)
+      return true;
+    if (Impl == nullptr || Other.Impl == nullptr)
+      return false;
+    return Impl->isEqual(*(Other.Impl));
+  }
+
+private:
+  std::unique_ptr<StencilPartInterface> Impl;
+};
+
+/// A sequence of code fragments, references to parameters and code-generation
+/// operations that together can be evaluated to (a fragment of) source code,
+/// given a match result.
+class Stencil {
+public:
+  Stencil() = default;
+
+  Stencil(const Stencil &) = default;
+  Stencil(Stencil &&) = default;
+  Stencil &operator=(const Stencil &) = default;
+  Stencil &operator=(Stencil &&) = default;
+
+  /// Composes a stencil from a series of parts.
+  template <typename... Ts> static Stencil cat(Ts &&... Parts) {
+    Stencil Stencil;
+    Stencil.Parts.reserve(sizeof...(Parts));
+    auto Unused = {(Stencil.push(std::forward<Ts>(Parts)), true)...};
+    (void)Unused;
+    return Stencil;
+  }
+
+  /// Appends data from a \p OtherStencil to this stencil.
+  void append(Stencil OtherStencil);
+
+  // Evaluates the stencil given a match result. Requires that the nodes in the
+  // result includes any ids referenced in the stencil. References to missing
+  // nodes will result in an invalid_argument error.
+  llvm::Expected<std::string>
+  eval(const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match) const;
+
+  bool operator==(const Stencil &Other) const {
+    return Parts == Other.Parts;
+  }
+
+  bool operator!=(const Stencil &Other) const { return !(*this == Other); }
+
+private:
+  void push(const NodeId &Id);
+  void push(const ExprId &Id);
+  void push(llvm::StringRef Text);
+  void push(StencilPart Part) { Parts.push_back(std::move(Part)); }
+
+  std::vector<StencilPart> Parts;
+};
+
+// Functions for conveniently building stencil parts.
+namespace stencil_generators {
+/// Abbreviation for NodeId construction allowing for more concise references to
+/// node ids in stencils.
+inline NodeId id(llvm::StringRef Id) { return NodeId(Id); }
+
+/// \returns exactly the text provided.
+StencilPart text(llvm::StringRef Text);
+
+/// \returns the source corresponding to the identified node.
+StencilPart node(const NodeId &Id);
+/// Specialization for expressions to indicate that the node should be
+/// interepreted as an expression, as opposed to a statement.
+StencilPart node(const ExprId &Id);
+StencilPart node(llvm::StringRef Id);
+
+/// For debug use only; semantics are not guaranteed.
+///
+/// \returns the string resulting from calling the node's print() method.
+StencilPart dPrint(const NodeId &Id);
+StencilPart dPrint(llvm::StringRef Id);
+} // namespace stencil_generators
+} // namespace tooling
+} // namespace clang
+#endif // LLVM_CLANG_TOOLING_REFACTOR_STENCIL_H_
diff --git a/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/CMakeLists.txt b/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/CMakeLists.txt
--- a/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
   Rename/USRFindingAction.cpp
   Rename/USRLocFinder.cpp
   NodeId.cpp
+  Stencil.cpp
 
   LINK_LIBS
   clangAST
diff --git a/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.cpp b/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.cpp
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clang/lib/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//===--- Stencil.cpp - Stencil implementation -------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "clang/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.h"
+#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
+#include "clang/AST/ASTTypeTraits.h"
+#include "clang/AST/Expr.h"
+#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchFinder.h"
+#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchers.h"
+#include "clang/Lex/Lexer.h"
+#include "clang/Tooling/FixIt.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Errc.h"
+#include <atomic>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace tooling {
+
+// A down_cast function to safely down cast a StencilPartInterface to a subclass
+// D. Returns nullptr if P is not an instance of D.
+template <typename D> const D *down_cast(const StencilPartInterface *P) {
+  if (P == nullptr || D::typeId() != P->typeId())
+    return nullptr;
+  return static_cast<const D *>(P);
+}
+
+static llvm::Expected<ast_type_traits::DynTypedNode>
+getNode(const ast_matchers::BoundNodes &Nodes, StringRef Id) {
+  auto &NodesMap = Nodes.getMap();
+  auto It = NodesMap.find(Id);
+  if (It == NodesMap.end())
+    return llvm::make_error<llvm::StringError>(llvm::errc::invalid_argument,
+                                               "Id not bound: " + Id);
+  return It->second;
+}
+
+namespace {
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::MatchFinder;
+using ::llvm::Error;
+
+// An arbitrary fragment of code within a stencil.
+struct RawTextData {
+  explicit RawTextData(std::string T) : Text(std::move(T)) {}
+  std::string Text;
+};
+}
+
+static bool operator==(const RawTextData &A, const RawTextData &B) {
+  return A.Text == B.Text;
+}
+
+namespace {
+// A debugging operation to dump the AST for a particular (bound) AST node.
+struct DebugPrintNodeOpData {
+  explicit DebugPrintNodeOpData(std::string S) : Id(std::move(S)) {}
+  std::string Id;
+};
+} // namespace
+
+static bool operator==(const DebugPrintNodeOpData &A,
+                       const DebugPrintNodeOpData &B) {
+  return A.Id == B.Id;
+}
+
+namespace {
+// Whether to associate a trailing semicolon with a node when identifying it's
+// text.  This flag is needed for expressions (clang::Expr), because their role
+// is ambiguous when they are also complete statements.  When this flag is
+// `Always`, an expression node will be treated like a statement, and will
+// therefore be associated with any trailing semicolon.
+enum class SemiAssociation : bool {
+  Never,
+  AsAppropriate,
+};
+
+// A reference to a particular (bound) AST node.
+struct NodeRefData {
+  explicit NodeRefData(std::string S, SemiAssociation SA)
+      : Id(std::move(S)), SemiAssoc(SA) {}
+  std::string Id;
+  SemiAssociation SemiAssoc;
+};
+} // namespace
+
+static bool operator==(const NodeRefData &A, const NodeRefData &B) {
+  return A.Id == B.Id && A.SemiAssoc == B.SemiAssoc;
+}
+
+static Error evalData(const RawTextData &Data, const MatchFinder::MatchResult &,
+                      std::string *Result) {
+  Result->append(Data.Text);
+  return Error::success();
+}
+
+static Error evalData(const DebugPrintNodeOpData &Data,
+           const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match, std::string *Result) {
+  std::string Output;
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream Os(Output);
+  auto NodeOrErr = getNode(Match.Nodes, Data.Id);
+  if (auto Err = NodeOrErr.takeError())
+    return Err;
+  NodeOrErr->print(Os, PrintingPolicy(Match.Context->getLangOpts()));
+  *Result += Os.str();
+  return Error::success();
+}
+
+static Error evalData(const NodeRefData &Data,
+                      const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match,
+                      std::string *Result) {
+  auto NodeOrErr = getNode(Match.Nodes, Data.Id);
+  if (auto Err = NodeOrErr.takeError())
+    return Err;
+  auto& Node = *NodeOrErr;
+  switch (Data.SemiAssoc) {
+  case SemiAssociation::AsAppropriate:
+    *Result += Node.get<Stmt>() != nullptr
+                   ? fixit::getExtendedText(
+                         NodeOrErr.get(), tok::TokenKind::semi, *Match.Context)
+                   : fixit::getText(NodeOrErr.get(), *Match.Context);
+    break;
+  case SemiAssociation::Never:
+    *Result += fixit::getText(NodeOrErr.get(), *Match.Context);
+    break;
+  }
+  return Error::success();
+}
+
+namespace {
+template <typename T>
+class StencilPartImpl : public StencilPartInterface {
+ public:
+  template <typename... Ps>
+  explicit StencilPartImpl(Ps &&... Args)
+      : StencilPartInterface(StencilPartImpl::typeId()),
+        Data(std::forward<Ps>(Args)...) {}
+
+  StencilPartImpl(const StencilPartImpl &) = default;
+  StencilPartImpl(StencilPartImpl &&) = default;
+  StencilPartImpl &operator=(const StencilPartImpl &) = default;
+  StencilPartImpl &operator=(StencilPartImpl &&) = default;
+
+  // Generates a unique identifier for this class (specifically, one per
+  // instantiation of the template).
+  static const void* typeId() {
+    static bool b;
+    return &b;
+  }
+
+  Error eval(const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match,
+             std::string *Result) const override {
+    return evalData(Data, Match, Result);
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<StencilPartInterface> clone() const override {
+    return llvm::make_unique<StencilPartImpl>(*this);
+  }
+
+  bool isEqual(const StencilPartInterface &Other) const override {
+    if (const auto *OtherPtr = down_cast<StencilPartImpl>(&Other))
+      return Data == OtherPtr->Data;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  T Data;
+};
+
+using RawText = StencilPartImpl<RawTextData>;
+using DebugPrintNodeOp = StencilPartImpl<DebugPrintNodeOpData>;
+using NodeRef = StencilPartImpl<NodeRefData>;
+} // namespace
+
+void Stencil::push(const NodeId &Id) {
+  Parts.emplace_back(stencil_generators::node(Id));
+}
+
+void Stencil::push(const ExprId &Id) {
+  Parts.emplace_back(stencil_generators::node(Id));
+}
+
+void Stencil::push(StringRef Text) {
+  Parts.emplace_back(llvm::make_unique<RawText>(Text));
+}
+
+void Stencil::append(Stencil OtherStencil) {
+  for (auto &Part : OtherStencil.Parts)
+    Parts.push_back(std::move(Part));
+}
+
+llvm::Expected<std::string>
+Stencil::eval(const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Match) const {
+  std::string Result;
+  for (const auto &Part : Parts)
+    if (auto Err = Part.eval(Match, &Result))
+      return std::move(Err);
+  return Result;
+}
+
+namespace stencil_generators {
+StencilPart text(StringRef Text) {
+  return StencilPart(llvm::make_unique<RawText>(Text));
+}
+
+StencilPart node(llvm::StringRef Id) {
+  return StencilPart(
+      llvm::make_unique<NodeRef>(Id, SemiAssociation::AsAppropriate));
+}
+StencilPart node(const NodeId &Id) { return node(Id.id()); }
+StencilPart node(const ExprId &Id) {
+  return StencilPart(
+      llvm::make_unique<NodeRef>(Id.id(), SemiAssociation::Never));
+}
+
+StencilPart dPrint(StringRef Id) {
+  return StencilPart(llvm::make_unique<DebugPrintNodeOp>(Id));
+}
+StencilPart dPrint(const NodeId &Id) { return dPrint(Id.id()); }
+} // namespace stencil_generators
+} // namespace tooling
+} // namespace clang
diff --git a/clang/unittests/Tooling/CMakeLists.txt b/clang/unittests/Tooling/CMakeLists.txt
--- a/clang/unittests/Tooling/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/clang/unittests/Tooling/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
   RefactoringTest.cpp
   ReplacementsYamlTest.cpp
   RewriterTest.cpp
+  StencilTest.cpp
   ToolingTest.cpp
   )
 
diff --git a/clang/unittests/Tooling/StencilTest.cpp b/clang/unittests/Tooling/StencilTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clang/unittests/Tooling/StencilTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+//===- unittest/Tooling/StencilTest.cpp -----------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "clang/Tooling/Refactoring/Stencil.h"
+#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchers.h"
+#include "clang/Tooling/FixIt.h"
+#include "clang/Tooling/Tooling.h"
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace tooling {
+namespace {
+
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::compoundStmt;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::decl;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::declStmt;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::expr;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasAnySubstatement;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasCondition;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasDescendant;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasElse;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasInitializer;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasName;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasReturnValue;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasSingleDecl;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasThen;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::ifStmt;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::ignoringImplicit;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::returnStmt;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::stmt;
+using ::clang::ast_matchers::varDecl;
+
+using MatchResult = ::clang::ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult;
+
+using ::clang::tooling::stencil_generators::node;
+using ::clang::tooling::stencil_generators::text;
+
+using ::testing::Eq;
+
+// In tests, we can't directly match on llvm::Expected since its accessors
+// mutate the object. So, we collapse it to an Optional.
+llvm::Optional<std::string> toOptional(llvm::Expected<std::string> V) {
+  if (V)
+    return *V;
+  ADD_FAILURE() << "Losing error in conversion to IsSomething: "
+                << llvm::toString(V.takeError());
+  return llvm::None;
+}
+
+// A very simple matcher for llvm::Optional values.
+MATCHER_P(IsSomething, ValueMatcher, "") {
+  if (!arg)
+    return false;
+  return ::testing::ExplainMatchResult(ValueMatcher, *arg, result_listener);
+}
+
+// Create a valid translation-unit from a statement.
+std::string wrapSnippet(llvm::Twine StatementCode) {
+  return ("auto stencil_test_snippet = []{" + StatementCode + "};").str();
+}
+
+clang::ast_matchers::DeclarationMatcher
+wrapMatcher(const clang::ast_matchers::StatementMatcher &Matcher) {
+  return varDecl(hasName("stencil_test_snippet"),
+                 hasDescendant(compoundStmt(hasAnySubstatement(Matcher))));
+}
+
+struct TestMatch {
+  // The AST unit from which `result` is built. We bundle it because it backs
+  // the result. Users are not expected to access it.
+  std::unique_ptr<clang::ASTUnit> AstUnit;
+  // The result to use in the test. References `ast_unit`.
+  MatchResult Result;
+};
+
+// Matches `Matcher` against the statement `StatementCode` and returns the
+// result. Handles putting the statement inside a function and modifying the
+// matcher correspondingly. `Matcher` should match `StatementCode` exactly --
+// that is, produce exactly one match.
+llvm::Optional<TestMatch>
+matchStmt(llvm::Twine StatementCode,
+          clang::ast_matchers::StatementMatcher Matcher) {
+  auto AstUnit = buildASTFromCode(wrapSnippet(StatementCode));
+  if (AstUnit == nullptr) {
+    ADD_FAILURE() << "AST construction failed";
+    return llvm::None;
+  }
+  clang::ASTContext &Context = AstUnit->getASTContext();
+  auto Matches = clang::ast_matchers::match(wrapMatcher(Matcher), Context);
+  // We expect a single, exact match for the statement.
+  if (Matches.size() != 1) {
+    ADD_FAILURE() << "Wrong number of matches: " << Matches.size();
+    return llvm::None;
+  }
+  return TestMatch{std::move(AstUnit), MatchResult(Matches[0], &Context)};
+}
+
+class StencilTest : public ::testing::Test {
+protected:
+  // Verifies that the given stencil fails when evaluated on a valid match
+  // result. Binds a statement to "stmt", a (non-member) ctor-initializer to
+  // "init", an expression to "expr" and a (nameless) declaration to "decl".
+  void testError(const Stencil &Stencil,
+                 testing::Matcher<std::string> Matcher) {
+    using ::clang::ast_matchers::cxxConstructExpr;
+    using ::clang::ast_matchers::cxxCtorInitializer;
+    using ::clang::ast_matchers::hasDeclaration;
+    using ::clang::ast_matchers::isBaseInitializer;
+
+    const std::string Snippet = R"cc(
+      struct A {};
+      class F : public A {
+       public:
+        F(int) {}
+      };
+      F(1);
+    )cc";
+    auto StmtMatch = matchStmt(
+        Snippet,
+        stmt(hasDescendant(
+                 cxxConstructExpr(
+                     hasDeclaration(decl(hasDescendant(cxxCtorInitializer(
+                                                           isBaseInitializer())
+                                                           .bind("init")))
+                                        .bind("decl")))
+                     .bind("expr")))
+            .bind("stmt"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(StmtMatch);
+    if (auto ResultOrErr = Stencil.eval(StmtMatch->Result)) {
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Expected failure but succeeded: " << *ResultOrErr;
+    } else {
+      auto Err = llvm::handleErrors(ResultOrErr.takeError(),
+                                    [&Matcher](const llvm::StringError &Err) {
+                                      EXPECT_THAT(Err.getMessage(), Matcher);
+                                    });
+      if (Err) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Unhandled error: " << llvm::toString(std::move(Err));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Tests failures caused by references to unbound nodes. `unbound_id` is the
+  // id that will cause the failure.
+  void testUnboundNodeError(const Stencil &Stencil, llvm::StringRef UnboundId) {
+    testError(Stencil, testing::AllOf(testing::HasSubstr(UnboundId),
+                                      testing::HasSubstr("not bound")));
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(StencilTest, SingleStatement) {
+  StmtId Condition("C"), Then("T"), Else("E");
+  const std::string Snippet = R"cc(
+    if (true)
+      return 1;
+    else
+      return 0;
+  )cc";
+  auto StmtMatch =
+      matchStmt(Snippet, ifStmt(hasCondition(Condition.bind()),
+                                hasThen(Then.bind()), hasElse(Else.bind())));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(StmtMatch);
+  // Invert the if-then-else.
+  auto Stencil =
+      Stencil::cat("if (!", Condition, ") ", Else, " else ", Then);
+  EXPECT_THAT(toOptional(Stencil.eval(StmtMatch->Result)),
+              IsSomething(Eq("if (!true) return 0; else return 1;")));
+}
+
+TEST_F(StencilTest, SingleStatementWithRawIds) {
+  using stencil_generators::id;
+
+  const std::string Snippet = R"cc(
+    if (true)
+      return 1;
+    else
+      return 0;
+  )cc";
+  auto StmtMatch = matchStmt(Snippet, ifStmt(hasCondition(stmt().bind("a1")),
+                                             hasThen(stmt().bind("a2")),
+                                             hasElse(stmt().bind("a3"))));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(StmtMatch);
+  auto Stencil =
+      Stencil::cat("if (!", id("a1"), ") ", id("a3"), " else ", id("a2"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(toOptional(Stencil.eval(StmtMatch->Result)),
+              IsSomething(Eq("if (!true) return 0; else return 1;")));
+}
+
+TEST_F(StencilTest, UnboundNode) {
+  using stencil_generators::id;
+
+  const std::string Snippet = R"cc(
+    if (true)
+      return 1;
+    else
+      return 0;
+  )cc";
+  auto StmtMatch = matchStmt(Snippet, ifStmt(hasCondition(stmt().bind("a1")),
+                                             hasThen(stmt().bind("a2"))));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(StmtMatch);
+  auto Stencil = Stencil::cat("if(!", id("a1"), ") ", id("UNBOUND"), ";");
+  auto ResultOrErr = Stencil.eval(StmtMatch->Result);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(llvm::errorToBool(ResultOrErr.takeError()))
+      << "Expected unbound node, got " << *ResultOrErr;
+}
+
+// Tests that a stencil with a single parameter (`Id`) evaluates to the expected
+// string, when `Id` is bound to the expression-statement in `Snippet`.
+void testExpr(const NodeId &Id, llvm::StringRef Snippet, const Stencil &Stencil,
+              llvm::StringRef Expected) {
+  auto StmtMatch = matchStmt(Snippet, expr().bind(Id.id()));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(StmtMatch);
+  EXPECT_THAT(toOptional(Stencil.eval(StmtMatch->Result)),
+              IsSomething(Expected));
+}
+
+TEST_F(StencilTest, NodeOp) {
+  NodeId Id("id");
+  ExprId EId("eid");
+  testExpr(Id, "3;", Stencil::cat(node(Id)), "3;");
+  testExpr(Id, "3;", Stencil::cat(node(Id.id())), "3;");
+  testExpr(EId, "3;", Stencil::cat(node(EId)), "3");
+}
+
+TEST(StencilEqualityTest, Equality) {
+  using stencil_generators::dPrint;
+  auto Lhs = Stencil::cat("foo", node("node"), dPrint("dprint_id"));
+  auto Rhs = Lhs;
+  EXPECT_EQ(Lhs, Rhs);
+}
+
+TEST(StencilEqualityTest, InEqualityDifferentOrdering) {
+  auto Lhs = Stencil::cat("foo", node("node"));
+  auto Rhs = Stencil::cat(node("node"), "foo");
+  EXPECT_NE(Lhs, Rhs);
+}
+
+TEST(StencilEqualityTest, InEqualityDifferentSizes) {
+  auto Lhs = Stencil::cat("foo", node("node"), "bar", "baz");
+  auto Rhs = Stencil::cat("foo", node("node"), "bar");
+  EXPECT_NE(Lhs, Rhs);
+}
+} // namespace
+} // namespace tooling
+} // namespace clang