Index: clang-tidy/misc/CMakeLists.txt
===================================================================
--- clang-tidy/misc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ clang-tidy/misc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
   MiscTidyModule.cpp
   RedundantSmartptrGet.cpp
   SwappedArgumentsCheck.cpp
+  UnusedRAII.cpp
   UseOverride.cpp
 
   LINK_LIBS
Index: clang-tidy/misc/MiscTidyModule.cpp
===================================================================
--- clang-tidy/misc/MiscTidyModule.cpp
+++ clang-tidy/misc/MiscTidyModule.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "BoolPointerImplicitConversion.h"
 #include "RedundantSmartptrGet.h"
 #include "SwappedArgumentsCheck.h"
+#include "UnusedRAII.h"
 #include "UseOverride.h"
 
 namespace clang {
@@ -35,6 +36,9 @@
         "misc-swapped-arguments",
         new ClangTidyCheckFactory<SwappedArgumentsCheck>());
     CheckFactories.addCheckFactory(
+        "misc-unused-raii",
+        new ClangTidyCheckFactory<UnusedRAIICheck>());
+    CheckFactories.addCheckFactory(
         "misc-use-override",
         new ClangTidyCheckFactory<UseOverride>());
   }
Index: clang-tidy/misc/UnusedRAII.h
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ clang-tidy/misc/UnusedRAII.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===--- UnusedRAII.h - clang-tidy ------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_CLANG_TOOLS_EXTRA_CLANG_TIDY_MISC_UNUSED_RAII_H
+#define LLVM_CLANG_TOOLS_EXTRA_CLANG_TIDY_MISC_UNUSED_RAII_H
+
+#include "../ClangTidy.h"
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace tidy {
+
+/// \brief Finds temporaries that look like RAII objects.
+///
+/// The canonical example for this is a scoped lock.
+/// \code
+///   {
+///     scoped_lock(&global_mutex);
+///     critical_section();
+///   }
+/// \endcode
+/// The destructor of the scoped_lock is called before the critical_section is
+/// entered, leaving it unprotected.
+///
+/// We apply a number of heuristics to reduce the false positive count of this
+/// check:
+///   - Ignore code expanded from macros. Testing frameworks make heavy use of
+///     this.
+///   - Ignore types with no user-declared constructor. Those are very unlikely
+///     to be RAII objects.
+///   - Ignore objects returned from a call.
+class UnusedRAIICheck : public ClangTidyCheck {
+public:
+  void registerMatchers(ast_matchers::MatchFinder *Finder) override;
+  void check(const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) override;
+};
+
+} // namespace tidy
+} // namespace clang
+
+#endif // LLVM_CLANG_TOOLS_EXTRA_CLANG_TIDY_MISC_UNUSED_RAII_H
Index: clang-tidy/misc/UnusedRAII.cpp
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ clang-tidy/misc/UnusedRAII.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===--- UnusedRAII.cpp - clang-tidy ---------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "UnusedRAII.h"
+#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
+#include "clang/Lex/Lexer.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
+
+using namespace clang::ast_matchers;
+
+namespace clang {
+namespace ast_matchers {
+AST_MATCHER(CXXRecordDecl, hasUserDeclaredDestructor) {
+  return Node.hasUserDeclaredDestructor();
+}
+} // namespace ast_matchers
+
+namespace tidy {
+
+void UnusedRAIICheck::registerMatchers(MatchFinder *Finder) {
+  // Look for temporaries that are constructed in-place and immediately
+  // destroyed. Look for temporaries created by a functional cast but not for
+  // those returned from a call.
+  auto BindTemp = bindTemporaryExpr(unless(has(callExpr())));
+  Finder->addMatcher(
+      exprWithCleanups(
+          unless(hasAncestor(decl(
+              anyOf(recordDecl(ast_matchers::isTemplateInstantiation()),
+                    functionDecl(ast_matchers::isTemplateInstantiation()))))),
+          hasParent(compoundStmt()),
+          hasType(recordDecl(hasUserDeclaredDestructor())),
+          anyOf(has(BindTemp), has(functionalCastExpr(has(BindTemp)))))
+          .bind("expr"),
+      this);
+}
+
+void UnusedRAIICheck::check(const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) {
+  const auto *E = Result.Nodes.getStmtAs<Expr>("expr");
+
+  // We ignore code expanded from macros to reduce the number of false
+  // positives.
+  if (E->getLocStart().isMacroID())
+    return;
+
+  diag(E->getLocStart(), "object destroyed immediately after creation; did you "
+                         "mean to name the object?");
+}
+
+} // namespace tidy
+} // namespace clang
Index: test/clang-tidy/misc-unused-raii.cpp
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ test/clang-tidy/misc-unused-raii.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// RUN: clang-tidy %s -checks='-*,misc-unused-raii' -header-filter='.*' -- | FileCheck %s -implicit-check-not="{{warning|error}}:"
+
+struct Foo {
+  Foo();
+  Foo(int);
+  ~Foo();
+};
+
+struct Bar {
+  Bar();
+  Foo f;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+void qux() {
+  T(42);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+struct TFoo {
+  TFoo(T);
+  ~TFoo();
+};
+
+Foo f();
+
+void test() {
+  Foo(42);
+// CHECK: :[[@LINE-1]]:3: warning: object destroyed immediately after creation; did you mean to name the object?
+  Foo();
+// CHECK: :[[@LINE-1]]:3: warning: object destroyed immediately after creation; did you mean to name the object?
+  TFoo<int>(23);
+// CHECK: :[[@LINE-1]]:3: warning: object destroyed immediately after creation; did you mean to name the object?
+
+  Bar();
+  f();
+  qux<Foo>();
+
+#define M Foo();
+  M
+}