diff --git a/libcxx/include/__format/format_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__format/format_functions.h
--- a/libcxx/include/__format/format_functions.h
+++ b/libcxx/include/__format/format_functions.h
@@ -245,6 +245,9 @@
   using _CharT = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
   __format::__parse_number_result __r = __format::__parse_arg_id(__begin, __end, __parse_ctx);
 
+  if (__r.__last == __end)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The argument index should end with a ':' or a '}'");
+
   bool __parse = *__r.__last == _CharT(':');
   switch (*__r.__last) {
   case _CharT(':'):
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/format_tests.h b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/format_tests.h
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/format_tests.h
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/format_tests.h
@@ -3145,8 +3145,13 @@
 
   // *** Test invalid format strings ***
   check_exception("The format string terminates at a '{'", SV("{"));
+  check_exception("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied", SV("{:"));
   check_exception("The replacement field misses a terminating '}'", SV("{:"), 42);
 
+  check_exception("The argument index should end with a ':' or a '}'", SV("{0"));
+  check_exception("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied", SV("{0:"));
+  check_exception("The replacement field misses a terminating '}'", SV("{0:"), 42);
+
   check_exception("The format string contains an invalid escape sequence", SV("}"));
   check_exception("The format string contains an invalid escape sequence", SV("{:}-}"), 42);
 
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/vformat.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/vformat.pass.cpp
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/vformat.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/format/format.functions/vformat.pass.cpp
@@ -50,6 +50,17 @@
     };
 
 int main(int, char**) {
+#if !defined(TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+  // reproducer of https://llvm.org/PR65011
+  try {
+    const char fmt[] = {'{', '0'};
+    char buf[4096];
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto ignored =
+        std::vformat_to(buf, std::string_view{fmt, fmt + sizeof(fmt)}, std::make_format_args());
+  } catch (...) {
+  }
+#endif // !defined(TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+
   format_tests<char, execution_modus::full>(test, test_exception);
 
 #ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS