diff --git a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Scalar/SROA.cpp b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Scalar/SROA.cpp
--- a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Scalar/SROA.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Scalar/SROA.cpp
@@ -266,11 +266,24 @@
       Inst->setMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_DIAssignID, NewID);
     }
 
-    Value = Value ? Value : DbgAssign->getValue();
+    ::Value *NewValue = Value ? Value : DbgAssign->getValue();
     auto *NewAssign = DIB.insertDbgAssign(
-        Inst, Value, DbgAssign->getVariable(), Expr, Dest,
+        Inst, NewValue, DbgAssign->getVariable(), Expr, Dest,
         DIExpression::get(Ctx, std::nullopt), DbgAssign->getDebugLoc());
 
+    // If we've updated the value but the original dbg.assign has an arglist
+    // then kill it now - we can't use the requested new value.
+    // We can't replace the DIArgList with the new value as it'd leave
+    // the DIExpression in an invalid state (DW_OP_LLVM_arg operands without
+    // an arglist). And we can't keep the DIArgList in case the linked store
+    // is being split - in which case the DIArgList + expression may no longer
+    // be computing the correct value.
+    // This should be a very rare situation as it requires the value being
+    // stored to differ from the dbg.assign (i.e., the value has been
+    // represented differently in the debug intrinsic for some reason).
+    if (DbgAssign->hasArgList() && Value)
+      NewAssign->setKillLocation();
+
     // We could use more precision here at the cost of some additional (code)
     // complexity - if the original dbg.assign was adjacent to its store, we
     // could position this new dbg.assign adjacent to its store rather than the
diff --git a/llvm/test/DebugInfo/Generic/assignment-tracking/sroa/arglist.ll b/llvm/test/DebugInfo/Generic/assignment-tracking/sroa/arglist.ll
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/llvm/test/DebugInfo/Generic/assignment-tracking/sroa/arglist.ll
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+; RUN: opt -passes=sroa -S %s -o - | FileCheck %s
+
+;; Check that a dbg.assign for a promoted variable becomes a kill location if
+;; it used an arglist.
+
+; CHECK: if.then:
+; CHECK-NEXT: dbg.value(metadata i32 poison,
+
+; CHECK: if.else:
+; CHECK-NEXT: dbg.value(metadata i32 2,
+
+declare i8 @get_i8()
+
+define internal fastcc i64 @fun() !dbg !18 {
+entry:
+  %codepoint = alloca i32, align 4, !DIAssignID !27
+  call void @llvm.dbg.assign(metadata i1 poison, metadata !15, metadata !DIExpression(), metadata !27, metadata ptr %codepoint, metadata !DIExpression()), !dbg !26
+  %0 = call i8 @get_i8() #2
+  %1 = and i8 %0, 15
+  %and14 = zext i8 %1 to i32
+  %shl = shl nuw nsw i32 %and14, 12
+  %2 = call i8 @get_i8() #2
+  %3 = and i8 %2, 63
+  %and21 = zext i8 %3 to i32
+  %or22 = or i32 %shl, %and21
+  %cmp = icmp ugt i32 %or22, 57343
+  br i1 %cmp, label %if.then, label %if.else
+
+if.then:
+  store i32 %or22, ptr %codepoint, align 4, !DIAssignID !25
+  call void @llvm.dbg.assign(metadata !DIArgList(i32 %shl, i32 %and21), metadata !15, metadata !DIExpression(DW_OP_LLVM_arg, 0, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, 1, DW_OP_or, DW_OP_stack_value), metadata !25, metadata ptr %codepoint, metadata !DIExpression()), !dbg !26
+  br label %end
+
+if.else:
+  store i32 2, ptr %codepoint, align 4, !DIAssignID !28
+  call void @llvm.dbg.assign(metadata i32 2, metadata !15, metadata !DIExpression(), metadata !28, metadata ptr %codepoint, metadata !DIExpression()), !dbg !26
+  br label %end
+
+end:
+  %r = load i32, ptr %codepoint
+  %rr = sext i32 %r to i64
+  ret i64 %rr
+}
+
+declare void @llvm.dbg.assign(metadata, metadata, metadata, metadata, metadata, metadata)
+
+!llvm.dbg.cu = !{!0}
+!llvm.module.flags = !{!13, !14}
+
+!0 = distinct !DICompileUnit(language: DW_LANG_C_plus_plus_14, file: !1, producer: "clang version 17.0.0", isOptimized: true, runtimeVersion: 0, emissionKind: FullDebug, enums: !2, retainedTypes: !2, imports: !2, splitDebugInlining: false, nameTableKind: None)
+!1 = !DIFile(filename: "reduce.cpp", directory: "/")
+!2 = !{}
+!13 = !{i32 2, !"Debug Info Version", i32 3}
+!14 = !{i32 7, !"debug-info-assignment-tracking", i1 true}
+!15 = !DILocalVariable(name: "codepoint", scope: !18, file: !1, line: 10, type: !24)
+!18 = distinct !DISubprogram(name: "fun", linkageName: "fun", scope: !1, file: !1, line: 4, type: !19, scopeLine: 4, flags: DIFlagPrototyped | DIFlagAllCallsDescribed, spFlags: DISPFlagLocalToUnit | DISPFlagDefinition | DISPFlagOptimized, unit: !0, retainedNodes: !2)
+!19 = distinct !DISubroutineType(types: !2)
+!24 = !DIBasicType(name: "unsigned int", size: 32, encoding: DW_ATE_unsigned)
+!25 = distinct !DIAssignID()
+!26 = !DILocation(line: 0, scope: !18)
+!27 = distinct !DIAssignID()
+!28 = distinct !DIAssignID()