Index: flang/docs/Extensions.md
===================================================================
--- flang/docs/Extensions.md
+++ flang/docs/Extensions.md
@@ -163,6 +163,10 @@
   hold true for definable arguments.
 * Assignment of `LOGICAL` to `INTEGER` and vice versa (but not other types) is
   allowed.  The values are normalized.
+* Static initialization of `LOGICAL` with `INTEGER` is allowed in `DATA` statements
+  and object initializers.
+  The results are *not* normalized to canonical `.TRUE.`/`.FALSE.`.
+  Static initialization of `INTEGER` with `LOGICAL` is also permitted.
 * An effectively empty source file (no program unit) is accepted and
   produces an empty relocatable output file.
 * A `RETURN` statement may appear in a main program.
Index: flang/include/flang/Evaluate/logical.h
===================================================================
--- flang/include/flang/Evaluate/logical.h
+++ flang/include/flang/Evaluate/logical.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 template <int BITS, bool IS_LIKE_C = true> class Logical {
 public:
   static constexpr int bits{BITS};
+  using Word = Integer<bits>;
 
   // Module ISO_C_BINDING kind C_BOOL is LOGICAL(KIND=1) and must have
   // C's bit representation (.TRUE. -> 1, .FALSE. -> 0).
@@ -26,12 +27,19 @@
   template <int B, bool C>
   constexpr Logical(Logical<B, C> x) : word_{Represent(x.IsTrue())} {}
   constexpr Logical(bool truth) : word_{Represent(truth)} {}
+  // A raw word, for DATA initialization
+  constexpr Logical(Word &&w) : word_{std::move(w)} {}
 
   template <int B, bool C> constexpr Logical &operator=(Logical<B, C> x) {
     word_ = Represent(x.IsTrue());
     return *this;
   }
 
+  Word word() const { return word_; }
+  bool IsCanonical() const {
+    return word_ == canonicalFalse || word_ == canonicalTrue;
+  }
+
   // Fortran actually has only .EQV. & .NEQV. relational operations
   // for LOGICAL, but this template class supports more so that
   // it can be used with the STL for sorting and as a key type for
@@ -86,13 +94,11 @@
   }
 
 private:
-  using Word = Integer<bits>;
-  static constexpr Word canonicalTrue{IsLikeC ? -std::uint64_t{1} : 1};
+  static constexpr Word canonicalTrue{IsLikeC ? 1 : -std::uint64_t{1}};
   static constexpr Word canonicalFalse{0};
   static constexpr Word Represent(bool x) {
     return x ? canonicalTrue : canonicalFalse;
   }
-  constexpr Logical(const Word &w) : word_{w} {}
   Word word_;
 };
 
Index: flang/include/flang/Evaluate/tools.h
===================================================================
--- flang/include/flang/Evaluate/tools.h
+++ flang/include/flang/Evaluate/tools.h
@@ -1030,6 +1030,11 @@
   }
 }
 
+// Nonstandard conversions of constants (integer->logical, logical->integer)
+// that can appear in DATA statements as an extension.
+std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> DataConstantConversionExtension(
+    FoldingContext &, const DynamicType &, const Expr<SomeType> &);
+
 } // namespace Fortran::evaluate
 
 namespace Fortran::semantics {
Index: flang/include/flang/Semantics/semantics.h
===================================================================
--- flang/include/flang/Semantics/semantics.h
+++ flang/include/flang/Semantics/semantics.h
@@ -75,8 +75,12 @@
     return defaultKinds_.doublePrecisionKind();
   }
   int quadPrecisionKind() const { return defaultKinds_.quadPrecisionKind(); }
-  bool IsEnabled(common::LanguageFeature) const;
-  bool ShouldWarn(common::LanguageFeature) const;
+  bool IsEnabled(common::LanguageFeature feature) const {
+    return languageFeatures_.IsEnabled(feature);
+  }
+  bool ShouldWarn(common::LanguageFeature feature) const {
+    return languageFeatures_.ShouldWarn(feature);
+  }
   const std::optional<parser::CharBlock> &location() const { return location_; }
   const std::vector<std::string> &searchDirectories() const {
     return searchDirectories_;
Index: flang/lib/Evaluate/check-expression.cpp
===================================================================
--- flang/lib/Evaluate/check-expression.cpp
+++ flang/lib/Evaluate/check-expression.cpp
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
 
 // Converts, folds, and then checks type, rank, and shape of an
 // initialization expression for a named constant, a non-pointer
-// variable static initializatio, a component default initializer,
+// variable static initialization, a component default initializer,
 // a type parameter default value, or instantiated type parameter value.
 std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> NonPointerInitializationExpr(const Symbol &symbol,
     Expr<SomeType> &&x, FoldingContext &context,
@@ -394,7 +394,20 @@
   if (auto symTS{
           characteristics::TypeAndShape::Characterize(symbol, context)}) {
     auto xType{x.GetType()};
-    if (auto converted{ConvertToType(symTS->type(), std::move(x))}) {
+    auto converted{ConvertToType(symTS->type(), Expr<SomeType>{x})};
+    if (!converted &&
+        symbol.owner().context().IsEnabled(
+            common::LanguageFeature::LogicalIntegerAssignment)) {
+      converted = DataConstantConversionExtension(context, symTS->type(), x);
+      if (converted &&
+          symbol.owner().context().ShouldWarn(
+              common::LanguageFeature::LogicalIntegerAssignment)) {
+        context.messages().Say(
+            "nonstandard usage: initialization of %s with %s"_en_US,
+            symTS->type().AsFortran(), x.GetType().value().AsFortran());
+      }
+    }
+    if (converted) {
       auto folded{Fold(context, std::move(*converted))};
       if (IsActuallyConstant(folded)) {
         int symRank{GetRank(symTS->shape())};
Index: flang/lib/Evaluate/formatting.cpp
===================================================================
--- flang/lib/Evaluate/formatting.cpp
+++ flang/lib/Evaluate/formatting.cpp
@@ -56,12 +56,14 @@
     } else if constexpr (Result::category == TypeCategory::Character) {
       o << Result::kind << '_' << parser::QuoteCharacterLiteral(value, true);
     } else if constexpr (Result::category == TypeCategory::Logical) {
-      if (value.IsTrue()) {
-        o << ".true.";
+      if (!value.IsCanonical()) {
+        o << "transfer(" << value.word().ToInt64() << "_8,.false._"
+          << Result::kind << ')';
+      } else if (value.IsTrue()) {
+        o << ".true." << '_' << Result::kind;
       } else {
-        o << ".false.";
+        o << ".false." << '_' << Result::kind;
       }
-      o << '_' << Result::kind;
     } else {
       StructureConstructor{result_.derivedTypeSpec(), value}.AsFortran(o);
     }
Index: flang/lib/Evaluate/tools.cpp
===================================================================
--- flang/lib/Evaluate/tools.cpp
+++ flang/lib/Evaluate/tools.cpp
@@ -1010,6 +1010,71 @@
   return std::visit([](const auto &y) { return GetLastPointerSymbol(y); }, x.u);
 }
 
+template <TypeCategory TO, TypeCategory FROM>
+static std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> DataConstantConversionHelper(
+    FoldingContext &context, const DynamicType &toType,
+    const Expr<SomeType> &expr) {
+  DynamicType sizedType{FROM, toType.kind()};
+  if (auto sized{
+          Fold(context, ConvertToType(sizedType, Expr<SomeType>{expr}))}) {
+    if (const auto *someExpr{UnwrapExpr<Expr<SomeKind<FROM>>>(*sized)}) {
+      return std::visit(
+          [](const auto &w) -> std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> {
+            using FromType = typename std::decay_t<decltype(w)>::Result;
+            static constexpr int kind{FromType::kind};
+            if constexpr (IsValidKindOfIntrinsicType(TO, kind)) {
+              if (const auto *fromConst{UnwrapExpr<Constant<FromType>>(w)}) {
+                using FromWordType = typename FromType::Scalar;
+                using LogicalType = value::Logical<FromWordType::bits>;
+                using ElementType =
+                    std::conditional_t<TO == TypeCategory::Logical, LogicalType,
+                        typename LogicalType::Word>;
+                std::vector<ElementType> values;
+                auto at{fromConst->lbounds()};
+                auto shape{fromConst->shape()};
+                for (auto n{GetSize(shape)}; n-- > 0;
+                     fromConst->IncrementSubscripts(at)) {
+                  auto elt{fromConst->At(at)};
+                  if constexpr (TO == TypeCategory::Logical) {
+                    values.emplace_back(std::move(elt));
+                  } else {
+                    values.emplace_back(elt.word());
+                  }
+                }
+                return {AsGenericExpr(AsExpr(Constant<Type<TO, kind>>{
+                    std::move(values), std::move(shape)}))};
+              }
+            }
+            return std::nullopt;
+          },
+          someExpr->u);
+    }
+  }
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<Expr<SomeType>> DataConstantConversionExtension(
+    FoldingContext &context, const DynamicType &toType,
+    const Expr<SomeType> &expr0) {
+  Expr<SomeType> expr{Fold(context, Expr<SomeType>{expr0})};
+  if (!IsActuallyConstant(expr)) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+  if (auto fromType{expr.GetType()}) {
+    if (toType.category() == TypeCategory::Logical &&
+        fromType->category() == TypeCategory::Integer) {
+      return DataConstantConversionHelper<TypeCategory::Logical,
+          TypeCategory::Integer>(context, toType, expr);
+    }
+    if (toType.category() == TypeCategory::Integer &&
+        fromType->category() == TypeCategory::Logical) {
+      return DataConstantConversionHelper<TypeCategory::Integer,
+          TypeCategory::Logical>(context, toType, expr);
+    }
+  }
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 } // namespace Fortran::evaluate
 
 namespace Fortran::semantics {
Index: flang/lib/Semantics/data-to-inits.cpp
===================================================================
--- flang/lib/Semantics/data-to-inits.cpp
+++ flang/lib/Semantics/data-to-inits.cpp
@@ -237,8 +237,9 @@
   return folder.isEmpty();
 }
 
-std::optional<std::pair<SomeExpr, bool>>
-DataInitializationCompiler::ConvertElement(
+template <typename DSV>
+std::optional<std::pair<SomeExpr, bool /* converted character */>>
+DataInitializationCompiler<DSV>::ConvertElement(
     const SomeExpr &expr, const evaluate::DynamicType &type) {
   if (auto converted{evaluate::ConvertToType(type, SomeExpr{expr})}) {
     return {std::make_pair(std::move(*converted), false)};
@@ -262,6 +263,18 @@
       return {std::make_pair(std::move(*converted), true)};
     }
   }
+  SemanticsContext &context{exprAnalyzer_.context()};
+  if (context.IsEnabled(common::LanguageFeature::LogicalIntegerAssignment)) {
+    if (MaybeExpr converted{evaluate::DataConstantConversionExtension(
+            exprAnalyzer_.GetFoldingContext(), type, expr)}) {
+      if (context.ShouldWarn(
+              common::LanguageFeature::LogicalIntegerAssignment)) {
+        context.Say("nonstandard usage: initialization of %s with %s"_en_US,
+            type.AsFortran(), expr.GetType().value().AsFortran());
+      }
+      return {std::make_pair(std::move(*converted), false)};
+    }
+  }
   return std::nullopt;
 }
 
Index: flang/lib/Semantics/semantics.cpp
===================================================================
--- flang/lib/Semantics/semantics.cpp
+++ flang/lib/Semantics/semantics.cpp
@@ -195,14 +195,6 @@
   return defaultKinds_.GetDefaultKind(category);
 }
 
-bool SemanticsContext::IsEnabled(common::LanguageFeature feature) const {
-  return languageFeatures_.IsEnabled(feature);
-}
-
-bool SemanticsContext::ShouldWarn(common::LanguageFeature feature) const {
-  return languageFeatures_.ShouldWarn(feature);
-}
-
 const DeclTypeSpec &SemanticsContext::MakeNumericType(
     TypeCategory category, int kind) {
   if (kind == 0) {
Index: flang/test/Semantics/data06.f90
===================================================================
--- flang/test/Semantics/data06.f90
+++ flang/test/Semantics/data06.f90
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@
   data jx/'abc'/
   !ERROR: DATA statement value could not be converted to the type 'INTEGER(4)' of the object 'jx'
   data jx/t1()/
-  !ERROR: DATA statement value could not be converted to the type 'INTEGER(4)' of the object 'jx'
-  data jx/.false./
   !ERROR: DATA statement value 'jy' for 'jx' is not a constant
   data jx/jy/
 end subroutine
Index: flang/test/Semantics/data15.f90
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ flang/test/Semantics/data15.f90
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+! RUN: %flang_fc1 -fdebug-dump-symbols %s 2>&1 | FileCheck %s
+! Verify initialization extension: integer with logical, logical with integer
+! CHECK: d (InDataStmt) size=20 offset=40: ObjectEntity type: LOGICAL(4) shape: 1_8:5_8 init:[LOGICAL(4)::transfer(-2_8,.false._4),transfer(-1_8,.false._4),.false._4,.true._4,transfer(2_8,.false._4)]
+! CHECK: j (InDataStmt) size=8 offset=60: ObjectEntity type: INTEGER(4) shape: 1_8:2_8 init:[INTEGER(4)::0_4,1_4]
+! CHECK: x, PARAMETER size=20 offset=0: ObjectEntity type: LOGICAL(4) shape: 1_8:5_8 init:[LOGICAL(4)::transfer(-2_8,.false._4),transfer(-1_8,.false._4),.false._4,.true._4,transfer(2_8,.false._4)]
+! CHECK: y, PARAMETER size=20 offset=20: ObjectEntity type: INTEGER(4) shape: 1_8:5_8 init:[INTEGER(4)::-2_4,-1_4,0_4,1_4,2_4]
+program main
+  logical, parameter :: x(5) = [ -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 ]
+  integer, parameter :: y(5) = x
+  logical :: d(5)
+  integer :: j(2)
+  data d / -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 /
+  data j / .false., .true. /
+end
+