diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/Support/ThreadPool.h b/llvm/include/llvm/Support/ThreadPool.h
--- a/llvm/include/llvm/Support/ThreadPool.h
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/Support/ThreadPool.h
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
   /// execution resources (threads, cores, CPUs)
   /// Defaults to using the maximum execution resources in the system, but
   /// accounting for the affinity mask.
-  ThreadPool(ThreadPoolStrategy S = hardware_concurrency());
+  ThreadPool(ThreadPoolStrategy S = hardware_concurrency())
+      : Strategy(S), MaxThreadCount(S.compute_thread_count()) {}
 
   /// Blocking destructor: the pool will wait for all the threads to complete.
   ~ThreadPool();
@@ -65,7 +66,10 @@
   /// It is an error to try to add new tasks while blocking on this call.
   void wait();
 
-  unsigned getThreadCount() const { return ThreadCount; }
+  // TODO: misleading legacy name warning!
+  // Returns the maximum number of worker threads in the pool, not the current
+  // number of threads!
+  unsigned getThreadCount() const { return MaxThreadCount; }
 
   /// Returns true if the current thread is a worker thread of this thread pool.
   bool isWorkerThread() const;
@@ -115,6 +119,7 @@
       // Don't allow enqueueing after disabling the pool
       assert(EnableFlag && "Queuing a thread during ThreadPool destruction");
       Tasks.push(std::move(R.first));
+      grow();
     }
     QueueCondition.notify_one();
     return R.second.share();
@@ -130,6 +135,21 @@
 #endif
   }
 
+#if LLVM_ENABLE_THREADS
+  // Maybe create a new thread and add it to Threads.
+  //
+  // Requirements:
+  //   * this->QueueLock should be owned by the calling thread prior to
+  //     calling this function. It will neither lock it nor unlock it.
+  //     Calling this function without owning QueueLock would result in data
+  //     races as this function reads Tasks and ActiveThreads.
+  //   * this->Tasks should be populated with any pending tasks. This function
+  //     uses Tasks.size() to determine whether it needs to create a new thread.
+  //   * this->ActiveThreads should be up to date as it is also used to
+  //     determine whether to create a new thread.
+  void grow();
+#endif
+
   /// Threads in flight
   std::vector<llvm::thread> Threads;
 
@@ -137,7 +157,7 @@
   std::queue<std::function<void()>> Tasks;
 
   /// Locking and signaling for accessing the Tasks queue.
-  std::mutex QueueLock;
+  mutable std::mutex QueueLock;
   std::condition_variable QueueCondition;
 
   /// Signaling for job completion
@@ -151,7 +171,10 @@
   bool EnableFlag = true;
 #endif
 
-  unsigned ThreadCount;
+  const ThreadPoolStrategy Strategy;
+
+  /// Maximum number of threads to potentially grow this pool to.
+  const unsigned MaxThreadCount;
 };
 }
 
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Support/ThreadPool.cpp b/llvm/lib/Support/ThreadPool.cpp
--- a/llvm/lib/Support/ThreadPool.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/Support/ThreadPool.cpp
@@ -20,50 +20,49 @@
 
 #if LLVM_ENABLE_THREADS
 
-ThreadPool::ThreadPool(ThreadPoolStrategy S)
-    : ThreadCount(S.compute_thread_count()) {
-  // Create ThreadCount threads that will loop forever, wait on QueueCondition
-  // for tasks to be queued or the Pool to be destroyed.
-  Threads.reserve(ThreadCount);
-  for (unsigned ThreadID = 0; ThreadID < ThreadCount; ++ThreadID) {
-    Threads.emplace_back([S, ThreadID, this] {
-      S.apply_thread_strategy(ThreadID);
-      while (true) {
-        std::function<void()> Task;
-        {
-          std::unique_lock<std::mutex> LockGuard(QueueLock);
-          // Wait for tasks to be pushed in the queue
-          QueueCondition.wait(LockGuard,
-                              [&] { return !EnableFlag || !Tasks.empty(); });
-          // Exit condition
-          if (!EnableFlag && Tasks.empty())
-            return;
-          // Yeah, we have a task, grab it and release the lock on the queue
+void ThreadPool::grow() {
+  if (Threads.size() >= MaxThreadCount)
+    return; // Already hit the max thread pool size.
+  if (ActiveThreads + Tasks.size() <= Threads.size())
+    return; // We have enough threads for now.
+  int ThreadID = Threads.size();
+  Threads.emplace_back([this, ThreadID] {
+    Strategy.apply_thread_strategy(ThreadID);
+    while (true) {
+      std::function<void()> Task;
+      {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> LockGuard(QueueLock);
+        // Wait for tasks to be pushed in the queue
+        QueueCondition.wait(LockGuard,
+                            [&] { return !EnableFlag || !Tasks.empty(); });
+        // Exit condition
+        if (!EnableFlag && Tasks.empty())
+          return;
+        // Yeah, we have a task, grab it and release the lock on the queue
 
-          // We first need to signal that we are active before popping the queue
-          // in order for wait() to properly detect that even if the queue is
-          // empty, there is still a task in flight.
-          ++ActiveThreads;
-          Task = std::move(Tasks.front());
-          Tasks.pop();
-        }
-        // Run the task we just grabbed
-        Task();
+        // We first need to signal that we are active before popping the queue
+        // in order for wait() to properly detect that even if the queue is
+        // empty, there is still a task in flight.
+        ++ActiveThreads;
+        Task = std::move(Tasks.front());
+        Tasks.pop();
+      }
+      // Run the task we just grabbed
+      Task();
 
-        bool Notify;
-        {
-          // Adjust `ActiveThreads`, in case someone waits on ThreadPool::wait()
-          std::lock_guard<std::mutex> LockGuard(QueueLock);
-          --ActiveThreads;
-          Notify = workCompletedUnlocked();
-        }
-        // Notify task completion if this is the last active thread, in case
-        // someone waits on ThreadPool::wait().
-        if (Notify)
-          CompletionCondition.notify_all();
+      bool Notify;
+      {
+        // Adjust `ActiveThreads`, in case someone waits on ThreadPool::wait()
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> LockGuard(QueueLock);
+        --ActiveThreads;
+        Notify = workCompletedUnlocked();
       }
-    });
-  }
+      // Notify task completion if this is the last active thread, in case
+      // someone waits on ThreadPool::wait().
+      if (Notify)
+        CompletionCondition.notify_all();
+    }
+  });
 }
 
 void ThreadPool::wait() {
@@ -73,6 +72,7 @@
 }
 
 bool ThreadPool::isWorkerThread() const {
+  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> LockGuard(QueueLock);
   llvm::thread::id CurrentThreadId = llvm::this_thread::get_id();
   for (const llvm::thread &Thread : Threads)
     if (CurrentThreadId == Thread.get_id())