Index: llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/InlineFunction.cpp
===================================================================
--- llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/InlineFunction.cpp
+++ llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/InlineFunction.cpp
@@ -1743,6 +1743,31 @@
   }
 }
 
+/// Determine if a caller/callee have incompatible vscale_range attributes to
+/// prevent inlining that could otherwise lead to invalid results.
+static bool haveIncompatibleVScaleRangeAttributes(const Function &Caller,
+                                                  const Function &Callee) {
+  const auto CallerRange = Caller.getFnAttribute(Attribute::VScaleRange);
+  const auto CalleeRange = Callee.getFnAttribute(Attribute::VScaleRange);
+
+  unsigned CallerMinVScale = 0, CallerMaxVScale = 0;
+  if (CallerRange.isValid())
+    std::tie(CallerMinVScale, CallerMaxVScale) =
+        CallerRange.getVScaleRangeArgs();
+  unsigned CalleeMinVScale = 0, CalleeMaxVScale = 0;
+  if (CalleeRange.isValid())
+    std::tie(CalleeMinVScale, CalleeMaxVScale) =
+        CalleeRange.getVScaleRangeArgs();
+
+  if (CallerMaxVScale == 0)
+    CallerMaxVScale = UINT_MAX;
+  if (CalleeMaxVScale == 0)
+    CalleeMaxVScale = UINT_MAX;
+
+  return (CallerMinVScale < CalleeMinVScale) ||
+         (CallerMaxVScale > CalleeMaxVScale);
+}
+
 /// This function inlines the called function into the basic block of the
 /// caller. This returns false if it is not possible to inline this call.
 /// The program is still in a well defined state if this occurs though.
@@ -1805,6 +1830,9 @@
       return InlineResult::failure("incompatible GC");
   }
 
+  if (haveIncompatibleVScaleRangeAttributes(*Caller, *CalledFunc))
+    return InlineResult::failure("incompatible vscale_range attributes");
+
   // Get the personality function from the callee if it contains a landing pad.
   Constant *CalledPersonality =
       CalledFunc->hasPersonalityFn()
Index: llvm/test/Transforms/Inline/inline-vscale-range.ll
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ llvm/test/Transforms/Inline/inline-vscale-range.ll
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+; NOTE: Assertions have been autogenerated by utils/update_test_checks.py
+; RUN: opt %s -inline -S | FileCheck %s
+; RUN: opt %s -inline -pass-remarks=inline -pass-remarks-missed=inline -o /dev/null 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-REMARK
+
+; Callees
+
+define void @callee_unbounded() vscale_range(0, 0) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_unbounded(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @callee_unbounded_min() vscale_range(0, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_unbounded_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @callee_restricted_min() vscale_range(2, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_restricted_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @callee_unrestricted_min() vscale_range(1, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_unrestricted_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @callee_unbounded_max() vscale_range(1, 0) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_unbounded_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @callee_restricted_max() vscale_range(1, 8) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_restricted_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @callee_unrestricted_max() vscale_range(1, 16) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @callee_unrestricted_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  ret void
+}
+
+; Callers
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_unbounded' inlined into 'caller_unbounded__callee_unbounded'
+define void @caller_unbounded__callee_unbounded() vscale_range(0, 0) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_unbounded__callee_unbounded(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_unbounded()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_unbounded_min' inlined into 'caller_restricted_min__callee_unbounded_min'
+define void @caller_restricted_min__callee_unbounded_min() vscale_range(2, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_restricted_min__callee_unbounded_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_unbounded_min()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_restricted_min' is not inlined into 'caller_unbounded_min__callee_restricted_min': incompatible vscale_range attributes
+define void @caller_unbounded_min__callee_restricted_min() vscale_range(0, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_unbounded_min__callee_restricted_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    call void @callee_restricted_min()
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_restricted_min()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_restricted_min' inlined into 'caller_restricted_min__callee_restricted_min'
+define void @caller_restricted_min__callee_restricted_min() vscale_range(2, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_restricted_min__callee_restricted_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_restricted_min()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_restricted_min' is not inlined into 'caller_unrestricted_min__callee_restricted_min': incompatible vscale_range attributes
+define void @caller_unrestricted_min__callee_restricted_min() vscale_range(1, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_unrestricted_min__callee_restricted_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    call void @callee_restricted_min()
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_restricted_min()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_unrestricted_min' inlined into 'caller_restricted_min__callee_unrestricted_min'
+define void @caller_restricted_min__callee_unrestricted_min() vscale_range(2, 4) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_restricted_min__callee_unrestricted_min(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_unrestricted_min()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_unbounded_max' inlined into 'caller_restricted_max__callee_unbounded_max'
+define void @caller_restricted_max__callee_unbounded_max() vscale_range(1, 8) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_restricted_max__callee_unbounded_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_unbounded_max()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_restricted_max' is not inlined into 'caller_unbounded_max__callee_restricted_max': incompatible vscale_range attributes
+define void @caller_unbounded_max__callee_restricted_max() vscale_range(1, 0) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_unbounded_max__callee_restricted_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    call void @callee_restricted_max()
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_restricted_max()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_restricted_max' inlined into 'caller_restricted_max__callee_restricted_max'
+define void @caller_restricted_max__callee_restricted_max() vscale_range(1, 8) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_restricted_max__callee_restricted_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_restricted_max()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_unrestricted_max' inlined into 'caller_restricted_max__callee_unrestricted_max'
+define void @caller_restricted_max__callee_unrestricted_max() vscale_range(1, 8) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_restricted_max__callee_unrestricted_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_unrestricted_max()
+  ret void
+}
+
+; CHECK-REMARK: remark: {{.*}} 'callee_restricted_max' is not inlined into 'caller_unrestricted_max__callee_restricted_max': incompatible vscale_range attributes
+define void @caller_unrestricted_max__callee_restricted_max() vscale_range(1, 16) {
+; CHECK-LABEL: @caller_unrestricted_max__callee_restricted_max(
+; CHECK-NEXT:    call void @callee_restricted_max()
+; CHECK-NEXT:    ret void
+;
+  call void @callee_restricted_max()
+  ret void
+}