diff --git a/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt b/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt
--- a/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
   __functional_base
   __functional_base_03
   __hash_table
+  __iterator/iterator_traits.h
   __iterator/incrementable_traits.h
   __iterator/readable_traits.h
   __libcpp_version
diff --git a/libcxx/include/__iterator/iterator_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__iterator/iterator_traits.h
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__iterator/iterator_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <concepts>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
+
+// [iterator.traits]
+template<__dereferenceable _Tp>
+using iter_reference_t = decltype(*declval<_Tp&>());
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits;
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS input_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS output_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS forward_iterator_tag       : public input_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bidirectional_iterator_tag : public forward_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS random_access_iterator_tag : public bidirectional_iterator_tag {};
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS contiguous_iterator_tag    : public random_access_iterator_tag {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iter_traits_cache {
+  using type = _If<
+    __is_primary_template<iterator_traits<_Iter> >::value,
+    _Iter,
+    iterator_traits<_Iter>
+  >;
+};
+template <class _Iter>
+using _ITER_TRAITS = typename __iter_traits_cache<_Iter>::type;
+
+struct __iter_concept_concept_test {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using _Apply = typename _ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>::iterator_concept;
+};
+struct __iter_concept_category_test {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using _Apply = typename _ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>::iterator_category;
+};
+struct __iter_concept_random_fallback {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using _Apply = _EnableIf<
+                          __is_primary_template<iterator_traits<_Iter> >::value,
+                          random_access_iterator_tag
+                        >;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Tester> struct __test_iter_concept
+    : _IsValidExpansion<_Tester::template _Apply, _Iter>,
+      _Tester
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iter_concept_cache {
+  using type = _Or<
+    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_concept_test>,
+    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_category_test>,
+    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_random_fallback>
+  >;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using _ITER_CONCEPT = typename __iter_concept_cache<_Iter>::type::template _Apply<_Iter>;
+
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_typedefs
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename __void_t<typename _Up::iterator_category>::type* = 0,
+                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::difference_type>::type* = 0,
+                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::value_type>::type* = 0,
+                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::reference>::type* = 0,
+                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::pointer>::type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0,0,0,0,0)) == 1;
+};
+
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_category
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::iterator_category* = nullptr);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(nullptr)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_concept
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::iterator_concept* = nullptr);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(nullptr)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_category<iterator_traits<_Tp> >::value>
+struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to
+    : _BoolConstant<is_convertible<typename iterator_traits<_Tp>::iterator_category, _Up>::value>
+{};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_concept<_Tp>::value>
+struct __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to
+    : _BoolConstant<is_convertible<typename _Tp::iterator_concept, _Up>::value>
+{};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_cpp17_input_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_cpp17_forward_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_cpp17_bidirectional_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, bidirectional_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_cpp17_random_access_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, random_access_iterator_tag> {};
+
+// __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator determines if an iterator is contiguous,
+// either because it advertises itself as such (in C++20) or because it
+// is a pointer type or a known trivial wrapper around a pointer type,
+// such as __wrap_iter<T*>.
+//
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator : _Or<
+    __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, contiguous_iterator_tag>,
+    __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to<_Tp, contiguous_iterator_tag>
+> {};
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator : false_type {};
+#endif
+
+// Any native pointer which is an iterator is also a contiguous iterator.
+template <class _Up>
+struct __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator<_Up*> : true_type {};
+
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_exactly_cpp17_input_iterator
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+         __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag>::value &&
+        !__has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag>::value> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEDUCTION_GUIDES
+template<class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_value_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type;
+
+template<class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_key_type = remove_const_t<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::first_type>;
+
+template<class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_mapped_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::second_type;
+
+template<class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_to_alloc_type = pair<
+    add_const_t<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::first_type>,
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::second_type>;
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
+
+// The `cpp17-*-iterator` exposition-only concepts are easily confused with the Cpp17*Iterator tables,
+// so they've been banished to a namespace that makes it obvious they have a niche use-case.
+namespace __iterator_traits_detail {
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_iterator =
+  requires(_Ip __i) {
+    {   *__i } -> __referenceable;
+    {  ++__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+    { *__i++ } -> __referenceable;
+  } &&
+  copyable<_Ip>;
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_input_iterator =
+  __cpp17_iterator<_Ip> &&
+  equality_comparable<_Ip> &&
+  requires(_Ip __i) {
+    typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type;
+    typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type;
+    typename common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>&&,
+                                typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type&>;
+    typename common_reference_t<decltype(*__i++)&&,
+                                typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type&>;
+    requires signed_integral<typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type>;
+  };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_forward_iterator =
+  __cpp17_input_iterator<_Ip> &&
+  constructible_from<_Ip> &&
+  is_lvalue_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_Ip>> &&
+  same_as<remove_cvref_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>,
+          typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type> &&
+  requires(_Ip __i) {
+    {  __i++ } -> convertible_to<_Ip const&>;
+    { *__i++ } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+  };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator =
+  __cpp17_forward_iterator<_Ip> &&
+  requires(_Ip __i) {
+    {  --__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+    {  __i-- } -> convertible_to<_Ip const&>;
+    { *__i-- } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+  };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_random_access_iterator =
+  __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator<_Ip> and
+  totally_ordered<_Ip> and
+  requires(_Ip __i, typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type __n) {
+    { __i += __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+    { __i -= __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+    { __i +  __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+    { __n +  __i } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+    { __i -  __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+    { __i -  __i } -> same_as<decltype(__n)>;
+    {  __i[__n]  } -> convertible_to<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+  };
+} // namespace __iterator_traits_detail
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __has_member_reference = requires { typename _Ip::reference; };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __has_member_pointer = requires { typename _Ip::pointer; };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __has_member_iterator_category = requires { typename _Ip::iterator_category; };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __specifies_members =
+  __has_member_reference<_Ip> &&
+  __has_member_iterator_category<_Ip> &&
+  requires {
+    typename _Ip::difference_type;
+    typename _Ip::value_type;
+  };
+
+template<class>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void {
+  using type = void;
+};
+
+template<__has_member_pointer _Tp>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void<_Tp> {
+  using type = typename _Tp::pointer;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.4
+// Otherwise, `iterator_traits<I>` has no members by any of the above names.
+template<class>
+struct __iterator_traits {};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.1
+// If `I` has valid ([temp.deduct]) member types `difference­type`, `value­type`, `reference`, and
+// `iterator­category`, then `iterator­traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
+template<__specifies_members _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using iterator_category  = typename _Ip::iterator_category;
+  using value_type         = typename _Ip::value_type;
+  using difference_type    = typename _Ip::difference_type;
+  using pointer            = typename __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void<_Ip>::type;
+  using reference          = typename _Ip::reference;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_iterator_missing_members =
+  !__specifies_members<_Tp> &&
+  __iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_iterator<_Tp>;
+
+template<class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_input_iterator_missing_members =
+  __cpp17_iterator_missing_members<_Tp> &&
+  __iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_input_iterator<_Tp>;
+
+// Otherwise, `pointer` names `void`.
+template<class>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer { using type = void; };
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.1
+// If the qualified-id `I::pointer` is valid and denotes a type, `pointer` names that type.
+template<__has_member_pointer _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer<_Ip> { using type = typename _Ip::pointer; };
+
+// Otherwise, if `decltype(declval<I&>().operator->())` is well-formed, then `pointer` names that
+// type.
+template<class _Ip>
+concept __has_arrow =
+  requires(_Ip& __i) {
+    __i.operator->();
+  };
+
+template<class _Ip>
+  requires __has_arrow<_Ip> && (!__has_member_pointer<_Ip>)
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer<_Ip> {
+  using type = decltype(declval<_Ip&>().operator->());
+};
+
+// Otherwise, `reference` names `iter­reference­t<I>`.
+template<class _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_reference { using type = iter_reference_t<_Ip>; };
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.2
+// If the qualified-id `I::reference` is valid and denotes a type, `reference` names that type.
+template<__has_member_reference _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_reference<_Ip> { using type = typename _Ip::reference; };
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.4
+// input_iterator_tag
+template<class _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category {
+  using type = input_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.1
+// `random_access_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-random-access-iterator`, or otherwise
+template<__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_random_access_iterator _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = random_access_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.2
+// `bidirectional_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-bidirectional-iterator`, or otherwise
+template<__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_bidirectional_iterator _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.3
+// `forward_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-forward-iterator`, or otherwise
+template<__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_forward_iterator _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = forward_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template<class _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_iterator_category : __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3
+// If the qualified-id `I::iterator­category` is valid and denotes a type, `iterator­category` names
+// that type.
+template<__has_member_iterator_category _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = typename _Ip::iterator_category;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2
+// Otherwise, if `I` satisfies the exposition-only concept `cpp17-input-iterator`,
+// `iterator­traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
+template<__cpp17_input_iterator_missing_members _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using iterator_category = typename __iterator_traits_iterator_category<_Ip>::type;
+  using value_type        = typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type;
+  using difference_type   = typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type;
+  using pointer           = typename __iterator_traits_member_pointer<_Ip>::type;
+  using reference         = typename __iterator_traits_member_reference<_Ip>::type;
+};
+
+// otherwise, it names void.
+template<class>
+struct __iterator_traits_difference_type { using type = void; };
+
+// If the qualified-id `incrementable_traits<I>::difference_type` is valid and denotes a type, then
+// `difference_type` names that type;
+template<class _Ip>
+requires requires { typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type; }
+struct __iterator_traits_difference_type<_Ip> {
+  using type = typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type;
+};
+
+// Otherwise, if `I` satisfies the exposition-only concept `cpp17-iterator`, then
+// `iterator_traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
+template<__cpp17_iterator_missing_members _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using iterator_category = output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type        = void;
+  using difference_type   = typename __iterator_traits_difference_type<_Ip>::type;
+  using pointer           = void;
+  using reference         = void;
+};
+
+template<class _Ip>
+struct iterator_traits : __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
+};
+
+#else // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
+
+template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits {};
+
+template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits_impl {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iterator_traits_impl<_Iter, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Iter::difference_type   difference_type;
+    typedef typename _Iter::value_type        value_type;
+    typedef typename _Iter::pointer           pointer;
+    typedef typename _Iter::reference         reference;
+    typedef typename _Iter::iterator_category iterator_category;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Iter, true>
+    :  __iterator_traits_impl
+      <
+        _Iter,
+        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag>::value ||
+        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, output_iterator_tag>::value
+      >
+{};
+
+// iterator_traits<Iterator> will only have the nested types if Iterator::iterator_category
+//    exists.  Else iterator_traits<Iterator> will be an empty class.  This is a
+//    conforming extension which allows some programs to compile and behave as
+//    the client expects instead of failing at compile time.
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits
+    : __iterator_traits<_Iter, __has_iterator_typedefs<_Iter>::value> {
+
+  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
+};
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
+
+template<class _Tp>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
+requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits<_Tp*>
+{
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+    typedef typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type value_type;
+    typedef _Tp* pointer;
+    typedef _Tp& reference;
+    typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
+    typedef contiguous_iterator_tag    iterator_concept;
+#endif
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcxx/include/iterator b/libcxx/include/iterator
--- a/libcxx/include/iterator
+++ b/libcxx/include/iterator
@@ -418,6 +418,7 @@
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
 #include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
 #include <__memory/addressof.h>
 #include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
 #include <version>
@@ -430,465 +431,6 @@
 
 _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
 
-#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
-
-// [iterator.traits]
-template<__dereferenceable _Tp>
-using iter_reference_t = decltype(*declval<_Tp&>());
-#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
-
-template <class _Iter>
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits;
-
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS input_iterator_tag {};
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS output_iterator_tag {};
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS forward_iterator_tag       : public input_iterator_tag {};
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bidirectional_iterator_tag : public forward_iterator_tag {};
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS random_access_iterator_tag : public bidirectional_iterator_tag {};
-#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS contiguous_iterator_tag    : public random_access_iterator_tag {};
-#endif
-
-template <class _Iter>
-struct __iter_traits_cache {
-  using type = _If<
-    __is_primary_template<iterator_traits<_Iter> >::value,
-    _Iter,
-    iterator_traits<_Iter>
-  >;
-};
-template <class _Iter>
-using _ITER_TRAITS = typename __iter_traits_cache<_Iter>::type;
-
-struct __iter_concept_concept_test {
-  template <class _Iter>
-  using _Apply = typename _ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>::iterator_concept;
-};
-struct __iter_concept_category_test {
-  template <class _Iter>
-  using _Apply = typename _ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>::iterator_category;
-};
-struct __iter_concept_random_fallback {
-  template <class _Iter>
-  using _Apply = _EnableIf<
-                          __is_primary_template<iterator_traits<_Iter> >::value,
-                          random_access_iterator_tag
-                        >;
-};
-
-template <class _Iter, class _Tester> struct __test_iter_concept
-    : _IsValidExpansion<_Tester::template _Apply, _Iter>,
-      _Tester
-{
-};
-
-template <class _Iter>
-struct __iter_concept_cache {
-  using type = _Or<
-    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_concept_test>,
-    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_category_test>,
-    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_random_fallback>
-  >;
-};
-
-template <class _Iter>
-using _ITER_CONCEPT = typename __iter_concept_cache<_Iter>::type::template _Apply<_Iter>;
-
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __has_iterator_typedefs
-{
-private:
-    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
-    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
-    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename __void_t<typename _Up::iterator_category>::type* = 0,
-                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::difference_type>::type* = 0,
-                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::value_type>::type* = 0,
-                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::reference>::type* = 0,
-                                            typename __void_t<typename _Up::pointer>::type* = 0);
-public:
-    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0,0,0,0,0)) == 1;
-};
-
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __has_iterator_category
-{
-private:
-    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
-    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
-    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::iterator_category* = nullptr);
-public:
-    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(nullptr)) == 1;
-};
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __has_iterator_concept
-{
-private:
-    struct __two {char __lx; char __lxx;};
-    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
-    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::iterator_concept* = nullptr);
-public:
-    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(nullptr)) == 1;
-};
-
-#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
-
-// The `cpp17-*-iterator` exposition-only concepts are easily confused with the Cpp17*Iterator tables,
-// so they've been banished to a namespace that makes it obvious they have a niche use-case.
-namespace __iterator_traits_detail {
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __cpp17_iterator =
-  requires(_Ip __i) {
-    {   *__i } -> __referenceable;
-    {  ++__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
-    { *__i++ } -> __referenceable;
-  } &&
-  copyable<_Ip>;
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __cpp17_input_iterator =
-  __cpp17_iterator<_Ip> &&
-  equality_comparable<_Ip> &&
-  requires(_Ip __i) {
-    typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type;
-    typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type;
-    typename common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>&&,
-                                typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type&>;
-    typename common_reference_t<decltype(*__i++)&&,
-                                typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type&>;
-    requires signed_integral<typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type>;
-  };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __cpp17_forward_iterator =
-  __cpp17_input_iterator<_Ip> &&
-  constructible_from<_Ip> &&
-  is_lvalue_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_Ip>> &&
-  same_as<remove_cvref_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>,
-          typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type> &&
-  requires(_Ip __i) {
-    {  __i++ } -> convertible_to<_Ip const&>;
-    { *__i++ } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
-  };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator =
-  __cpp17_forward_iterator<_Ip> &&
-  requires(_Ip __i) {
-    {  --__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
-    {  __i-- } -> convertible_to<_Ip const&>;
-    { *__i-- } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
-  };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __cpp17_random_access_iterator =
-  __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator<_Ip> and
-  totally_ordered<_Ip> and
-  requires(_Ip __i, typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type __n) {
-    { __i += __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
-    { __i -= __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
-    { __i +  __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
-    { __n +  __i } -> same_as<_Ip>;
-    { __i -  __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
-    { __i -  __i } -> same_as<decltype(__n)>;
-    {  __i[__n]  } -> convertible_to<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
-  };
-} // namespace __iterator_traits_detail
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __has_member_reference = requires { typename _Ip::reference; };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __has_member_pointer = requires { typename _Ip::pointer; };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __has_member_iterator_category = requires { typename _Ip::iterator_category; };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __specifies_members =
-  __has_member_reference<_Ip> &&
-  __has_member_iterator_category<_Ip> &&
-  requires {
-    typename _Ip::difference_type;
-    typename _Ip::value_type;
-  };
-
-template<class>
-struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void {
-  using type = void;
-};
-
-template<__has_member_pointer _Tp>
-struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void<_Tp> {
-  using type = typename _Tp::pointer;
-};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.4
-// Otherwise, `iterator_traits<I>` has no members by any of the above names.
-template<class>
-struct __iterator_traits {};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.1
-// If `I` has valid ([temp.deduct]) member types `difference­type`, `value­type`, `reference`, and
-// `iterator­category`, then `iterator­traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
-template<__specifies_members _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
-  using iterator_category  = typename _Ip::iterator_category;
-  using value_type         = typename _Ip::value_type;
-  using difference_type    = typename _Ip::difference_type;
-  using pointer            = typename __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void<_Ip>::type;
-  using reference          = typename _Ip::reference;
-};
-
-template<class _Tp>
-concept __cpp17_iterator_missing_members =
-  !__specifies_members<_Tp> &&
-  __iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_iterator<_Tp>;
-
-template<class _Tp>
-concept __cpp17_input_iterator_missing_members =
-  __cpp17_iterator_missing_members<_Tp> &&
-  __iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_input_iterator<_Tp>;
-
-// Otherwise, `pointer` names `void`.
-template<class>
-struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer { using type = void; };
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.1
-// If the qualified-id `I::pointer` is valid and denotes a type, `pointer` names that type.
-template<__has_member_pointer _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer<_Ip> { using type = typename _Ip::pointer; };
-
-// Otherwise, if `decltype(declval<I&>().operator->())` is well-formed, then `pointer` names that
-// type.
-template<class _Ip>
-concept __has_arrow =
-  requires(_Ip& __i) {
-    __i.operator->();
-  };
-
-template<class _Ip>
-  requires __has_arrow<_Ip> && (!__has_member_pointer<_Ip>)
-struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer<_Ip> {
-  using type = decltype(declval<_Ip&>().operator->());
-};
-
-// Otherwise, `reference` names `iter­reference­t<I>`.
-template<class _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits_member_reference { using type = iter_reference_t<_Ip>; };
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.2
-// If the qualified-id `I::reference` is valid and denotes a type, `reference` names that type.
-template<__has_member_reference _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits_member_reference<_Ip> { using type = typename _Ip::reference; };
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.4
-// input_iterator_tag
-template<class _Ip>
-struct __deduce_iterator_category {
-  using type = input_iterator_tag;
-};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.1
-// `random_access_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-random-access-iterator`, or otherwise
-template<__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_random_access_iterator _Ip>
-struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
-  using type = random_access_iterator_tag;
-};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.2
-// `bidirectional_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-bidirectional-iterator`, or otherwise
-template<__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_bidirectional_iterator _Ip>
-struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
-  using type = bidirectional_iterator_tag;
-};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.3
-// `forward_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-forward-iterator`, or otherwise
-template<__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_forward_iterator _Ip>
-struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
-  using type = forward_iterator_tag;
-};
-
-template<class _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits_iterator_category : __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3
-// If the qualified-id `I::iterator­category` is valid and denotes a type, `iterator­category` names
-// that type.
-template<__has_member_iterator_category _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits_iterator_category<_Ip> {
-  using type = typename _Ip::iterator_category;
-};
-
-// [iterator.traits]/3.2
-// Otherwise, if `I` satisfies the exposition-only concept `cpp17-input-iterator`,
-// `iterator­traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
-template<__cpp17_input_iterator_missing_members _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
-  using iterator_category = typename __iterator_traits_iterator_category<_Ip>::type;
-  using value_type        = typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type;
-  using difference_type   = typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type;
-  using pointer           = typename __iterator_traits_member_pointer<_Ip>::type;
-  using reference         = typename __iterator_traits_member_reference<_Ip>::type;
-};
-
-// otherwise, it names void.
-template<class>
-struct __iterator_traits_difference_type { using type = void; };
-
-// If the qualified-id `incrementable_traits<I>::difference_type` is valid and denotes a type, then
-// `difference_type` names that type;
-template<class _Ip>
-requires requires { typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type; }
-struct __iterator_traits_difference_type<_Ip> {
-  using type = typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::difference_type;
-};
-
-// Otherwise, if `I` satisfies the exposition-only concept `cpp17-iterator`, then
-// `iterator_traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
-template<__cpp17_iterator_missing_members _Ip>
-struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
-  using iterator_category = output_iterator_tag;
-  using value_type        = void;
-  using difference_type   = typename __iterator_traits_difference_type<_Ip>::type;
-  using pointer           = void;
-  using reference         = void;
-};
-
-template<class _Ip>
-struct iterator_traits : __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
-  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
-};
-
-#else // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
-
-template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits {};
-
-template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits_impl {};
-
-template <class _Iter>
-struct __iterator_traits_impl<_Iter, true>
-{
-    typedef typename _Iter::difference_type   difference_type;
-    typedef typename _Iter::value_type        value_type;
-    typedef typename _Iter::pointer           pointer;
-    typedef typename _Iter::reference         reference;
-    typedef typename _Iter::iterator_category iterator_category;
-};
-
-template <class _Iter>
-struct __iterator_traits<_Iter, true>
-    :  __iterator_traits_impl
-      <
-        _Iter,
-        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag>::value ||
-        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, output_iterator_tag>::value
-      >
-{};
-
-// iterator_traits<Iterator> will only have the nested types if Iterator::iterator_category
-//    exists.  Else iterator_traits<Iterator> will be an empty class.  This is a
-//    conforming extension which allows some programs to compile and behave as
-//    the client expects instead of failing at compile time.
-
-template <class _Iter>
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits
-    : __iterator_traits<_Iter, __has_iterator_typedefs<_Iter>::value> {
-
-  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
-};
-#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
-
-template<class _Tp>
-#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANGES)
-requires is_object_v<_Tp>
-#endif
-struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits<_Tp*>
-{
-    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
-    typedef typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type value_type;
-    typedef _Tp* pointer;
-    typedef _Tp& reference;
-    typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
-#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
-    typedef contiguous_iterator_tag    iterator_concept;
-#endif
-};
-
-template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_category<iterator_traits<_Tp> >::value>
-struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to
-    : _BoolConstant<is_convertible<typename iterator_traits<_Tp>::iterator_category, _Up>::value>
-{};
-
-template <class _Tp, class _Up>
-struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : false_type {};
-
-template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_concept<_Tp>::value>
-struct __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to
-    : _BoolConstant<is_convertible<typename _Tp::iterator_concept, _Up>::value>
-{};
-
-template <class _Tp, class _Up>
-struct __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : false_type {};
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_cpp17_input_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag> {};
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_cpp17_forward_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag> {};
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_cpp17_bidirectional_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, bidirectional_iterator_tag> {};
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_cpp17_random_access_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, random_access_iterator_tag> {};
-
-// __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator determines if an iterator is contiguous,
-// either because it advertises itself as such (in C++20) or because it
-// is a pointer type or a known trivial wrapper around a pointer type,
-// such as __wrap_iter<T*>.
-//
-#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 17
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator : _Or<
-    __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, contiguous_iterator_tag>,
-    __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to<_Tp, contiguous_iterator_tag>
-> {};
-#else
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator : false_type {};
-#endif
-
-// Any native pointer which is an iterator is also a contiguous iterator.
-template <class _Up>
-struct __is_cpp17_contiguous_iterator<_Up*> : true_type {};
-
-
-template <class _Tp>
-struct __is_exactly_cpp17_input_iterator
-    : public integral_constant<bool,
-         __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag>::value &&
-        !__has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag>::value> {};
-
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEDUCTION_GUIDES
-template<class _InputIterator>
-using __iter_value_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type;
-
-template<class _InputIterator>
-using __iter_key_type = remove_const_t<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::first_type>;
-
-template<class _InputIterator>
-using __iter_mapped_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::second_type;
-
-template<class _InputIterator>
-using __iter_to_alloc_type = pair<
-    add_const_t<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::first_type>,
-    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::second_type>;
-#endif
-
 template<class _Category, class _Tp, class _Distance = ptrdiff_t,
          class _Pointer = _Tp*, class _Reference = _Tp&>
 struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator